SAT备考资料：201606北美及答案.docx

ReadingTest65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouransvWtoanswerthequestionsinthissection.三DIRECTIONSEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,chsethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Line20Questions1-11arebasedonthefollowingpassages.ThispassageisfromNathanielHawthorne.TheBlithedaleRomance,0ri9inallypublishedin1852.Five-and-twentyyearsago.attheepochofthisstory,theredweltinoneoftheMiddleStatesamanwhomweshallcallFauntleroy；amanofwealth,andmagnificenttastes,andprodigalexpenditure.Hishomemightalmostbestyledapalace;hishabitskintheordinarysense,princely.Hiswholebeingseemedtohavecrystallizeditselfintoanexternalsplendor,wherewithheglitteredintheeyesoftheworld,andhadnootherlifethanuponthisgaudysurface.Hehadmarriedalovelywoman,whosenaturewasdeeperthanhis'own.Buthisaffectionforher,thoughitshowedlargely,wassuperficial,likeallhisothermanifestationsanddevelopments;hedidnotsotrulykeepthisnoblecreatureinhisheart,aswearherbeautyforthemostbrilliantornamentofhisOUtWardstate.Andtherewasborntohimachild,abeautifuldaughter.：whomhetookfromthebeneficenthandOfGodwithnojustsenseofherimmortalvalue,butasamanalreadyrichingemswouldreceiveanotherjewel.Ifhelovedher,itwasbecausesheshone.AfterFaunderoyhadthusspentafewemptyyears,coruscatingcontinuallyanunnaturallight,thesourceofitwhichwasmerelyhisgoldbegantogrowmoreshallow,andfinallybecameexhausted.Hesawhimselfinimminentperiloflosingallthathadheretoforedistinguishedhim;and.consciousofnoinnateworthtofallbackupon,herecoiledfromthiscalamitywiththeinstinctofasoulshrinkingfromannihilation.Toavoidit.wretchedman!orrathertodeferit,ifbutforamonth,aday,oronlytoprocurehimselfthelifeofafewbreathsmoreamidthefalseglitterwhichwasnow依哥hisowi'thinever.hemadehimselfguiltyofacrime.30Itwasjustthesortofcrime,growingoutofitsartificialstate,whichSoCiety(unlessitshouldchangeitsentireconstitutionforthismansunworthysake)neithercouldnoroughttopardon.Moresafelymightitpardonmurder.Fauntleroy'sguiltwasdiscovered.Hcfled;hiswifepenshed,bythenecessityof35herinnatenobleness,initsalliancewithabeing$0ignoble:andbetwixthermothersdeathandherfathersignominy,hisdaughterwasleftworsethanorphaned.TherewasnopursuitafterFauntleroy.Hisfamilyconnections,whohadgreatwealth,madesucharrangements40withthoseWhomhehadattemptedtowrongassecuredhimfromtheretributionthatwouldhaveovertakenanunfriendedcriminal.Thewreckofhisestatewasdividedamonghiscreditors:Hisname,inaverybriefspace.WaSforgottenbythemultitudewhohadpasseditsodiligentlyfrommouthto45mouth.Seldom,indeed,wasitrecalled,evenbyhisclosestformerintimates.Norcouldithavebeenotherwise.Themanhadlaidnorealtouchonanymortal'sheart.Beingamereimage,anopticaldelusion*createdbythesunshineofprosperity,itwashislawtovanishintotheshadowofthe50firstinterveningcloud.Heseemedtoleavenovacancy；aphenomenonwhich>likemanyothersthatattendedhisbriefcareer,wentfartoprvetheillusivenessofhisexistence.Not,however,thatthephysicalsubstanceofFauntleroyhaj,!lymeltedintovapor.Hehadflednorthwardtothe55NwEpg!andmetropolis,andhadtakenuphisabode,underanthhame,inasqualidstreetorcourtoftheolderportionofthecity.Therehedweltamongpoverty-strickenwretches,sinners,andforlorngoodpeople,Irish,andwhomsoeverelsewereneediest.Manyfamilieswereclusteredineachhouse60together,abovestairsandbelowtinthelittlepeakedgarrets,andevenintheduskycellars.ThehousewhereFauntleroypaidweeklyrentforachamberandaclosethadbeenastatelyhabitationinitsday.Anoldcolonialgovernorhadbuiltit,andlivedthere*longago,andheldhisleveesinagreat65roomwherenowslepttwentyIrishbedfellows;anddiedin：Fauntleroy'schamber,whichhisembroideredandwhite-wiggedghoststillhaunted.Tatteredhangings,amarblehearth,traversedwithmanycracksandfissures,arichlycarvedoakenmantelpiece,partlyhackedawayforkindling-：70stuff,astuccoedceiling,defacedwithgreat,unsightlypatchesofthenakedlaths,suchwasthechambersaspect,asif,withitssplintersandragsofdirtysplendor,itwereakindofpracticalgibeatthispoor,ruinedmanofshow.75Atfirst,andatirreguhrIntervals,hisrelativesallowedFauntleroyalittlepittanceW¾stainlife；notfromanylove,perhaps,butlestpovertyshouldcompelhim,bynewoffences,toaddmoreshametothatwithwhichhehadalreadystainedthem.Butheshowednotendencyto80furtherguilt.Hischaracterappearedtohavebeenradicallyjchanged(astindeed,fromitsshallowness,itwellmight)byhismiserablefate;or,itmaybe,thetraitsnowseeninhimwereportionsofthesamecharacter,presentingitselftnanotherphase.Insteadofanylongerseekingtolivein85thesightoftheworld,hisimpulsewastoshrinkintothenearestobscurity,andtobeunseenofmen,wereitpossible,：evenwhilestandingbeforetheireyes.Hehadnopride;itwasalltroddeninthedust.Noostentation;forhowcoulditsurvive,whentherewasnothingleftOfFauntleroy,90savepenuryandshame!Hisverygaitdemonstratedthathewouldgladlyhavefadedoutofview,andhavecreptaboutinvisibly,forthesakeofshelteringhimselffromtheirksomenessofahumanglance.Hardly*itwasaverred,withinthememoryofthosewhoknewhimnow,had95hethehardihoodtoshowhisfullfronttotheworld.Heskulkedincorners,andcreptaboutinasortofnndaytwilight,makinghimselfgrayandmisty,atallhours,withhismorbidintoleranceofsunshine.Whichchoicebestsummarizesthepassage?A)Acarefuldepictionofaprofoundchangeofacharacter.B)Adetailedanalysisofthetragiclifeofacharacter.C)Apassionatediscussionofhowapersoncouldfallfromheaventohell.D)Asatiricaldescriptionofpompousbehaviorsofasuperficialcharacter.Asusedinline15,“just”mostnearlymeansA)onlyB)simpleC)properD)justifiedAsusedinline30,*artificialwmostnearlymeansA)insincereB)manmadeC)falseD)antiquedAccordingtothepassage,whywastherenorevengeonFauntleroy?A)Fauntleroyhadedtoanareasoremotethatnoonecouldfindhim.B)Fauntleroysfamilymembershadmademonetarydealswithpotentialavengers.C)Thecourthaddecidedthatthereshouldneveragainhappenanythingsimilar.D)Hiscreditorshadprotectedhiminreturnforallhisestates.ThepassagestronglysuggeststhatFauntleroywasseldommentionedafterhefledbecauseA)Hehadneverreallymadeanydeepconnectionswithpeople.B)Hehadbecomepennilessfromwhichstatenoonecouldprofit.C)HehaddoneSOmuchevilthatalmosteveryonehatedhim.D)Hedidnotexistintheworldasarealbeing.Whichofthefollowingchoicesprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines38-42(wHiscriminal?)B)lines42-45Themouth?)C)lines45-47("Seldom,.heart.")D)lines47-52("Being.existence.")1.ines53-54(HNott.vpor.n)mainlyservestoA)introduceanewcharacterandsettingtothestory.B)showtheresultingimpactofhisguiltC)addasurprisingtwisttothestory.D)provideatransitiontothenextphaseofthe断OryLQAsusedinline90,“save”mostnearlymeansA)rescueB)exceptC)keepD)avoid用三部hydidFauntleroy'srelativescontinuetoSIlPPOrtim?A)Theystilllovedhimandwantedhimhealthy.B)Theyfearedhewouldfurthershamethefamily;C)Theysensedthathehadchangedforgood+D)TheyPiHedhimduetohismiserablecondition.mWhichofthefollowingchoicesprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines75-79uAtthem+”)lines80-84(“Hisphase：)C)lines84-87(uInsteadcyes7)D)lines87*90(He.Shamer)Basedonthepassage,whatdoes"practicalgibe"inline73indicate?A)TheplaceFauntleroylivedandFauntleroyslifehadasimilarstate.B)NooneshowedanycoinpassiontowardsFauntleroytC)Fauntkroysliving4ttncouldneverbeworse.D)FaUntIeroyhadreceivedpunishmentfromGod.152025ThispassageisadaptedfromClayShirky,HereComesEverybody:ThePowerofOrganizingwithoutOrganizations.Q2OO8QayShirky.TheauthorisdiscussingwebsitessuchasWikipediaandFlickrtowhichuserscontributecontent.Giventhateveryoneowhasthetoolstocontributeequally,youmightexpectahugeincreaseinequalityofparticipation.You'dbewrong.twWikipediaarticlesforasphalthad129contributorsmaking5205totaledits,butthebulkoftheworkWaScontributedbyasmallfractionofparticipants,andjustsixaccountedforaboutaquarteroftheedits.AsimilarpatternappearsonFlickr:118photographerscontributedoverthreethousandMermaidParadephotostoFlickr,butthetoptenthcontributedhalfofIOthose,andthemostactivephotographer,Czarina,contributed238photos(aboutoneintwelve)workingalone.Thisshape,calledapowerlawdistribution,isshowninthefigure.Figure：ThCdistributiondPhOtOgraPherScontributingPhotOtSOfthe2005Coney(slandMermaidParadeFivepointsareshownonthisgraph.Ihetwoleftmostdatapointsarethemostandsecond-mostactivephotographers.Themostactivephotographerisfarmoreactivethanthesecondmostactive,andtheyarcbothfarmoreactivethanmostoftherestofthephotographers.Theaveragenumberofphotostaken(allphotosdividedamongallphotographers)istwenty-six,whilethemedian(themiddlephotographer)tookelevenphotos,andthemode(thenumberofphotosthatappearedmostfrequently)isasinglephoto.Notethesharpdrop-offinthenumberofphotosbetweenthetopfewcontributorsandmostoftheparticipants.Noticetoothatbecauseofthedisproportionatecontributionsofthesefewphotographers,three-quartersofthephotographerscontributedabelow-averagenumberofpictures.Thispatternisgeneraltosocialmedia:onmailingbstswithmorethanacoupledozenparticipants*themostactivewriterisgenerallymuchmoreactivethanthepersoninthenumber-30twoslot,andfarmoreactivethanaverage.Thelongestconversationgoesonmuchlongerthanthesecond-longestone.andmuchlongerthanaverage,andsoon.Bloggers.Wikipediacontributors,photographers,peopleconversingonmailinglists,andsocialparticipation35inmanyotherlarge-scalesystemsallexhibitaSimilarpattern.Therearetwobigsurpriseshere.Thefirstisthattheimbalanceisthesameshapeacrossahugenumberofdifferentkindsofbehaviors.Agraphofthedistribution40ofphotolabels(or"tags")onFlickristhesameshapeasthegraphofreaders<perweblogandContributions-per-usertoWikipedia.Thegeneralformofapowerlawdistributionappearsinsocialsettingswhensomesetofitems-users,pictures,tags-isrankedbyfrequency45ofoccurrence.YoucanrankagroupofFlickrusersbythenumberofpicturestheysubmit.Youcanrankacollectionofpicturesbythenumberofviewers.Youcanranktagsbythenumberofpicturestheyareappliedto.Allofthesegraphswillbeintheroughshapeofapower50lawdistribution.Thesecondsurpriseisthattheimbalancedriveslargesocialsystemsratherthandamagingthem.FewerthantwopercentofWikipediausersevercontribute,yetthatisenoughtocreateprofoundvalueformillions55ofusers.Andamongthosecontributors,noeffortismadetoevenouttheircontributions.ThespontaneousdivisionoflabordrivingWikipediawouldn'tbepossibleiftherewereconcernforreducinginequality.Onthecontrary,mostlargesocialexperimentsareenginesfor60harnessinginequalityratherthanlimitingitThoughtheword'ecosystem*isoverudasawaytomakesimplesituationsseemmorecomplex,itismeritedhere,becauselargesocialsystemscannotbeunderstoodasasimpleaggregationofthebehaviorofsomenonexistent"average"65userIhemostsalientcharacteristicofapowerlawisthattheimbalancebecomesmoreextremethehighertheranking.Theoperativemathissimpleapowerlawdescribesdatainwhichthenthpositionhasl/nthofthe70firstpositionsrank.Inapurepowerlawdistribution,thegapbetweenthefirstandsecondpositionislargerthanthegapbetweensecondandthird,andsoon.InWiidPediaarticleedits,forexmple,youwouldexpectthesecondmostactiveusertohavecommittedonly75halfasmanyeditsasthemostactiveuser,andthetenthmostactivetohavecommittedonetenthasmany.Thisistheshapebehindtheso-called80/20rule,where,forexample,20percentofastoresinventoryaccountsfor80percentofitsrevenues,andithasbeenpartofsocialA)B)80scienceliteraturesinceVilfrcdoPareto,anItalianeconomistworkingintheearly1900s,foundapowerlawdistributionofwealthineverycountryhestudied;thepatternwassocommonthathecalledit"apredictableimbalance."ThisisalsotheshapebehindChris85AndersorisdiscussioninTheLongTail;mostitemsofferedatonlineretailerslikeiTunesandAmazondontsellwell,butinaggregatetheygenerateconsiderableincome.Thepatterndoesn'tapplyjusttogoods,though,buttosocialinteractionsaswellReal-worlddistributions90areonlyanapproximationofthisformula,buttheimbalanceitcreatesappearsinanastonishingnumberofplacesinlargesocialsystems.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorinitiallythinkspowerlawisspecifictoonekindofbehavior.isauniversalpatternthatholdsinmanydifferentareas.hasaconsiderableamountofvalueforInternetusers.cancreatehugegapinwealth.IEImOverthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsfrom，.-A)ageneralexpectationofapatterntother息寸ofit.B)anoverviewofthehistoryofpowerlawto入studyaboutit.anargumentaboutpowerlawisabnormalmapproachtominimizingitseffect.lWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines3336(*Bloggers,.pattern.*)B)lines37-39(“There.behaviors.")yes49-50(*A11.distribution.*)il8082("Vilfredo.studied.”)adiscussionaboutpowerlawinsocialmed®descriptionofitsimpactonpolitics.O*rressailya"rt'*ichiccprovidesthebestevidencefortheclaimi(Kaltyinsocialmediacontributionisnotbadthing?49-50("All.distribution.")mAsusedinline22,"sharp"mostnearlymeansB)lines51-52(M7he.them.w)C)lines55-56(*And.contributions?)D)lines5658(*Th.inequality.")A)keenB)steepC)astuteD)shrewIHmAs used in line 70, “pure" most nearly meansA) theoreticalB) clearC) genuineD) ethicalEQTheauthormentionstheword"ecosystem*inline61inordertoA)expressskepticismtotheappropriatenessofthisword.B)emphasizethecorrectnessofmakingsimplethingscomplex.C)indicatethecomplexityoflargesocialsystems.D)defendanargumentthataverageusersarethecoreofthesystem.ThemainpurposeoftheauthorscommentaboutViifrtAgtiSjarto(line.)ismostlikelyto5挟医universalityofwealthgaparoundtheB)highlighttheomnipresenceofpowerlaw.C)praisethequalityoftheworkdonebyeconomists.D)encourageeveryonetoworktominimizetheeffectofpowerlaw.Accordingtothegraphandthepassage,whichstatementaboutaphotographerwhocontributes20photographsiscorrect?A)ThephotographercanZrankedasthemostactive.B)Thephotographerisnotconsistentwiththemode.C)Thephotographercanbesortedintothecategoryofmedian.D)Thephotographerisrepresentativeoftheaverage.Whichchoicebestdescribesthepartofthegraphrangingfrommediantomode?A)M7heoperativemath"(line68)B)8020rule*(line77)C)、predictableimbalance.*(lines83-84)D)*lheLongTaUw(lineB5)Whichstatementisbestsupportedbybothgraphandthepassage?A)Number1contributoraccountsforalmostaquarteroftheedits.B)Number1contributoraccountsforeditsmorethanthatofthecombinationoftherestofthecontributors.C)Number1contributorranksasthehighestamongallthecontributors.D)Number1contributorisprobablythebestandmostdiligentphotographer.Thesetwopassagesdiscusswaterfluoridation,thepracticeofadd<gcontrolledamountsoffluoridetopublicwatersuppliesforthepurposeofreducingtheincidenceoftoothdecayinchildren.Passage1isfroma2004book;PaSSage2isfroma2010book.Passage1Fluoridationhasbeenacontentiousissueformanyyearsbecauseofconcernsabouttheeffectsofthefluorideonpublichealth.OppositionhascomefrommanySOUrCeStsometimesL