2024剑桥雅思讲义Multiple_Choice.docx

PaSSaRe2TheOriginsofPaleoanthropologyA. Paleoanthropology,asubdisciplineofanthropology,isthestudyofextinctprimates.Whilethemajorityofresearchersdoingthiskindofworkareanthropologists,paleontologists(withinthedisciplineofgeology)mayalsostudyfossilprimates.Theprimarymethodusedbypaleoanthropologistsistheanalysisoffossilremains.However,theyincreasinglyrelyonotherscientificdisciplinestogainabetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentalforcesthatplayedaroleinourevolution,aswellastheformationofthefossilrecord.Forexample,geologistsidentifyprocessesofsedimentationandfossilization,anddatefossilsandtheirassociatedsedimentsusingavarietyoftechniques.Avarietyofdisciplinesareinvolvedinhelpingtoreconstructancientenvironmentsandbiologicalcommunities.Paleontologistsidentifyancientfloralandfaunalfossils.Palynologistsanalyzeparticlesinoceanandlakecores,aswellaspolleninterrestrialsedimentstodeterminethepredominantflorainagivenareaataparticulartime.Taphonomistshelpdeterminehowfossilassemblageswereformed.B. Inthe1920szRaymondDartproposedthatearlyhominins(bipedalprimates,likeourselves)foundinSouthAfricancaveshadinhabitedthosecaves.Inaddition,heinterpretedpuncturewoundsfoundinsomeoftheskullsasevidencethatthosehomininsmadeandusedweaponsforhuntingandmale-maleaggression.ThetaphonomistC.K.Brainarguedinmorerecenttimesthateitherhomininsfellthroughcracksintosubterraneancavesafterhavingbeencachedintreesbyleopards,ortheirbonesweredraggedinbyrodentszsuchasporcupines,forgnawing.Wenowrealizethatwhilethoseearlymembersofourtribelikelyusedsimpletools,theywerenotbig-gamehuntersorwarmongers.C. Themostinfluentialfieldstohavecontributedtothescienceofpaleoanthropologyaregeology,biology,andarchaeology.Geologists(eventhosewhowerenotrecognizedassuch,e.g.,CharlesDarwin)areprimarilyresponsiblefortherealizationsthat(1)theearthisancient,anditformedvianaturalprocesses;(2)theearthwasoriginallycoveredwithwater,andlifebeganinthatz*primordialsea”;(3)lifeonearthoriginatedwithsimpleforms,withsomedescendentspeciesbecomingmorecomplexovertime,ascanbeseeninthefossilrecord;(4)specieschangeorgoextinctinresponsetoenvironmentalchange;(5)newspeciesaretheresultofaportionofapopulationadaptingtoneworchangedenvironmentalconditions;(6)thesameforces,suchasvolcaniceruptions,thatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordviaextinctionsandspeciationevents;and(7)layersanddepositsarecontinuallydevelopingorerodingsothatorganismsareburiedandfossilscometolight,respectively.Theideathatthesameforcesthatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordistermeduniformitarianism.CharlesLyellcoinedthetermandisheraldedasthefatherofmoderngeology.HegreatlyinfluencedDarwinandthuscontributedtoDarwin,ssyntheticviewoftheevolutionoflifeonearth.Geologistsusevariousmethodstodatefossilsorfossil-containingsedimentsandhavedevelopedachronology(i.e.,atimeline)fortheearthasawhole,aswellasdepositionallayersinareaswherefossilshavebeendiscovered.D. Biologistsandgeneticistshaveplayedaroleinpalaeoanthropologyinthattheyhaverefinedthetheoryofevolutionbymeansofnaturalselectionbydetermininghowtraitsareinherited.ScientistsQD国IELTSADVANTAGEfromavarietyofdisciplineshaveclassifiedtheknownspeciesoftheworldbasedonevolutionaryrelationships.E. Archaeologyhasplayedandcontinuestoplayastrongroleinpaleoanthropologyviathestudyofthearchaeologicalrecord,thats,therecordofpasthumanactivityviaculturalremainsandanthropogenic(human-induced)changestotheenvironment.ThomasJeffersonhasbeenreferredtoasthefirstarchaeologist,inthathismethodsweremorescientificthanhisfellowantiquarians.Antiquarianstendedtobeafterthe"goods,“withoutregardforcarefulinterpretationofthearchaeologicalrecord.Mostwouldbeconsideredlootersbytoday/sstandards.Theytookitemsofgreatculturalandhistoricalsignificanceforpersonalormuseumcollections.Someitemshavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,butthedamageisdonewhenthearchaeologicalrecordisdisturbedordestroyed.Onceanitemhasbeenremovedfromtheareawhereitwasfound,scientistscannolongerlearnfromitscontext,forexample,fromassociatedartifactsorthelocationoftheartifactingeographicspaceandtime.FAccordingtoMerriam-WebsterOnline,thefirstknownuseoftheterm“paleoanthropology"occurredin1916.However,theearliestpaleoanthropologistswerenotlabeledassuchandcamefromavarietyofoccupations,suchasanatomistsandphysicians.Thefirsthomininfossilsdiscoveredweretheneanderthalsinthe1800s.However;paleoanthropologistsdisagreedaboutwhetherneanderthalswereancestorsofhumansorweremodernhumans.EugeneDuboiswasthefirstpersontointentionallysearchforafossilhominin.HewenttoAsiawiththesolepurposeoffindingevidencethathumansevolvedthere,aswasthereigningbeliefinWesternEurope.In1891,hediscoveredaskullcap(knownasacalotte)andfemurontheSoloRiverinTrinil7Java.This,alongwithotherdiscoveriesmadeinChinaandJavaduringthefirsthalfofthe2OthcenturyzsupportedtheAsianorigintheoryuntilRaymondDartandhiscontemporary,RobertBroom,begandiscoveringmuchmoreancientmaterialinSouthAfricanquarriesandcaves.FurtherdiscoveriesbyLouisandMaryLeakeyinEastAfricacementedAfricaasthebirthplaceofhumanity,andtheracetofindhumanoriginsandancestorswason.Source:https:milnepublishimeneseo.edu/the-history-of-our-tribe-hominini/ChQPter/DaleocmthroDoIoay/Questions20-23ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.20. ThemaintechniqueemployedbypaleoanthropologistsisA. thestudyofancientrocks.B. theexaminationoffossils.C. theanalysisofenvironmentalforces.D. thereconstructionofancientenvironments.21. ApossiblereasonforfossilsbeingfoundinSouthAfricancavesisthatA. primateslivedinthecaves.B. thebonesofprimatesfellintothecavesthroughcracksintheirceilings.C. thecaveswereusedbyleopardstosleepin.D. earlyhumansweredraggedintothecavesbyrats.22. OneoftheinsightsofgeologyisthatA. lifeonearthstartedinextremelydryconditions.B. theextinctionofcertainanimalsisduetopollution.C. volcanoeshavedestroyedmanyfossils.D. theearthisextremelyold.23. AntiquariansA. oftenusedscientifictechniquesfirstintroducedbyThomasJefferson.B. wouldfrequentlystealimportantobjectsinordertoputtheminmuseums.C. destroyedobjectsinordertopreventscientistsfromdiscoveringthem.D. carefullyinterpretedthearchaeologicalrecord.