2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Names.docx

PaSSaRe2TheOriginsofPaleoanthropologyA. Paleoanthropology,asubdisciplineofanthropology,isthestudyofextinctprimates.Whilethemajorityofresearchersdoingthiskindofworkareanthropologists,paleontologists(withinthedisciplineofgeology)mayalsostudyfossilprimates.Theprimarymethodusedbypaleoanthropologistsistheanalysisoffossilremains.However,theyincreasinglyrelyonotherscientificdisciplinestogainabetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentalforcesthatplayedaroleinourevolution,aswellastheformationofthefossilrecord.Forexample,geologistsidentifyprocessesofsedimentationandfossilization,anddatefossilsandtheirassociatedsedimentsusingavarietyoftechniques.Avarietyofdisciplinesareinvolvedinhelpingtoreconstructancientenvironmentsandbiologicalcommunities.Paleontologistsidentifyancientfloralandfaunalfossils.Palynologistsanalyzeparticlesinoceanandlakecores,aswellaspolleninterrestrialsedimentstodeterminethepredominantflorainagivenareaataparticulartime.Taphonomistshelpdeterminehowfossilassemblageswereformed.B. Inthe1920szRaymondDartproposedthatearlyhominins(bipedalprimates,likeourselves)foundinSouthAfricancaveshadinhabitedthosecaves.Inaddition,heinterpretedpuncturewoundsfoundinsomeoftheskullsasevidencethatthosehomininsmadeandusedweaponsforhuntingandmale-maleaggression.ThetaphonomistC.K.Brainarguedinmorerecenttimesthateitherhomininsfellthroughcracksintosubterraneancavesafterhavingbeencachedintreesbyleopards,ortheirbonesweredraggedinbyrodentszsuchasporcupines,forgnawing.Wenowrealizethatwhilethoseearlymembersofourtribelikelyusedsimpletools,theywerenotbig-gamehuntersorwarmongers.C. Themostinfluentialfieldstohavecontributedtothescienceofpaleoanthropologyaregeology,biology,andarchaeology.Geologists(eventhosewhowerenotrecognizedassuch,e.g.,CharlesDarwin)areprimarilyresponsiblefortherealizationsthat(1)theearthisancient,anditformedvianaturalprocesses;(2)theearthwasoriginallycoveredwithwater,andlifebeganinthatz*primordialsea”;(3)lifeonearthoriginatedwithsimpleforms,withsomedescendentspeciesbecomingmorecomplexovertime,ascanbeseeninthefossilrecord;(4)specieschangeorgoextinctinresponsetoenvironmentalchange;(5)newspeciesaretheresultofaportionofapopulationadaptingtoneworchangedenvironmentalconditions;(6)thesameforces,suchasvolcaniceruptions,thatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordviaextinctionsandspeciationevents;and(7)layersanddepositsarecontinuallydevelopingorerodingsothatorganismsareburiedandfossilscometolight,respectively.Theideathatthesameforcesthatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordistermeduniformitarianism.CharlesLyellcoinedthetermandisheraldedasthefatherofmoderngeology.HegreatlyinfluencedDarwinandthuscontributedtoDarwin,ssyntheticviewoftheevolutionoflifeonearth.Geologistsusevariousmethodstodatefossilsorfossil-containingsedimentsandhavedevelopedachronology(i.e.,atimeline)fortheearthasawhole,aswellasdepositionallayersinareaswherefossilshavebeendiscovered.D. Biologistsandgeneticistshaveplayedaroleinpalaeoanthropologyinthattheyhaverefinedthetheoryofevolutionbymeansofnaturalselectionbydetermininghowtraitsareinherited.ScientistsQD国IELTSADVANTAGEfromavarietyofdisciplineshaveclassifiedtheknownspeciesoftheworldbasedonevolutionaryrelationships.E. Archaeologyhasplayedandcontinuestoplayastrongroleinpaleoanthropologyviathestudyofthearchaeologicalrecord,thats,therecordofpasthumanactivityviaculturalremainsandanthropogenic(human-induced)changestotheenvironment.ThomasJeffersonhasbeenreferredtoasthefirstarchaeologist,inthathismethodsweremorescientificthanhisfellowantiquarians.Antiquarianstendedtobeafterthe"goods,“withoutregardforcarefulinterpretationofthearchaeologicalrecord.Mostwouldbeconsideredlootersbytoday/sstandards.Theytookitemsofgreatculturalandhistoricalsignificanceforpersonalormuseumcollections.Someitemshavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,butthedamageisdonewhenthearchaeologicalrecordisdisturbedordestroyed.Onceanitemhasbeenremovedfromtheareawhereitwasfound,scientistscannolongerlearnfromitscontext,forexample,fromassociatedartifactsorthelocationoftheartifactingeographicspaceandtime.FAccordingtoMerriam-WebsterOnline,thefirstknownuseoftheterm“paleoanthropology"occurredin1916.However,theearliestpaleoanthropologistswerenotlabeledassuchandcamefromavarietyofoccupations,suchasanatomistsandphysicians.Thefirsthomininfossilsdiscoveredweretheneanderthalsinthe1800s.However;paleoanthropologistsdisagreedaboutwhetherneanderthalswereancestorsofhumansorweremodernhumans.EugeneDuboiswasthefirstpersontointentionallysearchforafossilhominin.HewenttoAsiawiththesolepurposeoffindingevidencethathumansevolvedthere,aswasthereigningbeliefinWesternEurope.In1891,hediscoveredaskullcap(knownasacalotte)andfemurontheSoloRiverinTrinil7Java.This,alongwithotherdiscoveriesmadeinChinaandJavaduringthefirsthalfofthe2OthcenturyzsupportedtheAsianorigintheoryuntilRaymondDartandhiscontemporary,RobertBroom,begandiscoveringmuchmoreancientmaterialinSouthAfricanquarriesandcaves.FurtherdiscoveriesbyLouisandMaryLeakeyinEastAfricacementedAfricaasthebirthplaceofhumanity,andtheracetofindhumanoriginsandancestorswason.Source:https:milnepublishimeneseo.edu/the-history-of-our-tribe-hominini/ChQPter/DaleocmthroDoIoay/Questions24-27Lookattheinformationbelow(Questions24-27)andthelistofpeoplebelow.MatcheachpieceofinformationwiththecorrectpersonA-H.AnswersA-Hcanbeusedmorethanonce.24. Thoughtthathomininsdidn'tinhabitcaves.25. Originatedthepracticeoflookingforhomininfossils.26. WasinspiredbytheworkofLyell.27. MadediscoveriesthatsupportedtheviewthatthebirthplaceofhumanitywasAsia.ListofpeopleA. RaymondDartB. C.K.BrainC. CharlesDarwinD. CharlesLyellE. ThomasJeffersonF. EugeneDuboisG. RobertBroomH. LouisandMaryLeakey