2024剑桥雅思讲义Fundamentals_sentence_structure_document.docx

°IELTST1 ADVANTAGEFundamentals:PartSofSPeeCh SimpleSentences CompoundSentences CoordinatingConjunctions(FANBOYS) ComplexSentences Compound-ComplexSentencesWhatisasimplesentence? Asimplesentencecontainsonlyoneindependentclause. AsimplesentencecanhaveonlyonesubjectForexample:Applemakeshigh-endcomputers. Ortheycancontainmultiplesubjects.Forexample:AppleandSamsunghavealargeshareofthesmartphonemarket TheydonotrequireanobjectasbngasthesentencemakesacompletethoughtForexample:Hestudies. TheycanhaveoneormoreobjectsForexample:Hestudiesmaths.0RHestudiesmathsandscience. Theycanhaveoneormoreverbs.Forexample:Heswimseveryday.ORHeswimsandunsatschool Theycancontainprepositionalphrases.Forexample:Hestudiesmathsandscienceonhisown. Simplesentencecanalsohaveacombinationofalloftheabove.Forexample:RainforestsandtheoceansarehometomanyinterestingcreaturesandarcessentialformaintainingourEartKsecosystems.Whatisacompoundsentence? Compoundsentencescontainatleast2independentclauses. Theseindependentclausesmustbejoinedtogetherb、cithciaQ<三三andajesreferredtoasFANB0YS)OtT)VUmicolonpetty crimes haveForexample:Seriouscrimeshavedecreasedovertheperiodjincreased.Or:Seriouscrimeshavedecreasedovertheperiodpettycrimeshaveincreased.(Note:bothclauseshavetheirownsubjectIfaclausedoesnothaveasubjectitisnotanindependentclause.)Forexample:BitcoinhasbeenunpredictableandveryprofitableforsomepeopleTheabovesentenceisnotacompoundsentencebecausethereisonlyonesubject,and,therefore,wedonotneedacommabeforethe"and'.Whatisacoordinatingconjunction? Coordinatingconjunctionsconnectideasofequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Inparticular,theyconnectindependentclausesandwhentheydo,theyshouldbeprecededbyacomma.TheyaresometimesreferredtoasFANBOYS. Theyareasfollows:For,And,NoBut,Or,Yet,So YoushouldNOTstartasentencewithacoordinatingconjunction.Whatisacomplexsentence? Acomplexsentencejoinsatleastonedependentclauseandatleastoneindependentclausetocreateawholeidea Thecorrectuseofcomplexsentencesisessentialtogainaboveaband5forthegrammarsectionofyourwriting. Whenthedependentclausecomesfirst,theyshouldbeseparatedbyacomma.Forexample:Despitethecoldweather;hewentswimming. Whentheindependentclausecomcsfirst,thereisnocommaseparatingthem.Forexample:HewentswimmingdespitethecoldweatherWhatisacompound-complexsentence? Asthenamesuggests,thisisacombinationofacompoundandcomplexsentence.Itmustcontainatleast2independentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:Whenthepandemicstarted,manypeopledidnotthinkitwouldaffectthem,sotheydidHttakeitseriously; MakesuretocorrectlyusepunctuationinthesesentencessoasnottoconfusethereaderYouur11lnoticethatthecompoundsentenceabovecontainsacoordinatingconjunctionprecededbyacommaasusual Tnthefollowingexamplenoticehowthepunctuationchangesiftheclauseorderischanged.Eorexample:Manypeopledidnotthinkitwouldaffectthem,sotheyCiidHttakeitseriouslywhenthepandemicstarted.(Tip!Dorltmakeyourcompound-complexsentencestlong,oritgetsveryconfusingforthereader;4clausesshouldbeanabsolutemaximuwhenconstructingasentence.)