2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_7.docx

PaSSaRe1TRAPPINGBIRDSTheinfinitevarietyofnetsusedinthecaptureofvariousbirdsrequiresalmostachapterbyitself;butitwillsufficeforthepresentoneifwementionthosemostgenerallyused,orthemoststrikingvarieties.First,then,comestheordinary"clap-net"oftheLondonandprovincialbirdcatchers.The"EdinburghEncyclopaedia"says,withregardtoclap-nets:"Birdsarealsotakenwithnetsduringthedayandespeciallyinthoseseasonsoftheyearwhentheychangetheirsituation;inthemonthofOctober;forinstance,whenthewildbirdsbegintofly,andinMarch,whenthesmallerkindsassembleforpairing.Theyarechieflyonthewingfromdaybreaktonoon,andalwaysflyagainstthewind.Thebirdcatchers,therefore,laytheirnetstowardsthatpointtowhichthewindblows.Thenetsemployedinthiswayaregenerally12.5yardslongand2.5yardswide,andarespreadonthegroundparalleltoeachother;insuchamannerastomeetwhenturnedover.Theyareprovidedwithlines,fastenedinsuchawaythat,byasuddenpullzthebirdcatcherisabletodrawthemoverthebirdsthatmayhavealightedinthespacebetweenthoseparallelsides.Inordertoenticethewildbirdstoalightamongstthenets,callbirdsareemployed,ofwhichtheremustbeoneortwoofeachofthedifferentkindswhichareexpectedtobecaught,suchasIinnetszgoldfinches,greenfinches,etc.Besidesthecallbirdsthereareothersdenominatedcagebirds.Thecallbirdsandcagebirdsaredepositedincagesatalittledistancefromthenetszandassoonastheyseeorheartheapproachofthewildbirds,whichtheyperceivelongbeforeitcanbeobservedbythebirdcatcher;theyannouncetheintelligencefromcagetocagewiththegreatestappearanceofjo½andtheyproceedtoinvitethemtoalightbyasuccessionofnotesorshortjerks,astheyaretermedbythebirdcatcher;whichmayoftenbeheardataconsiderabledistance.Themomentthatthecallisheardbythewildbirdstheystoptheirflightanddescendtowardsthenet,andsogreatistheascendancyandfascinationofthecallbirdsthattheycaninducetheotherstoreturnrepeatedlytothenetstilleverybirdintheflockbecaught."Beingsomewhatafraidthatthisdescriptionwouldnotmeetallthepracticalrequirementsofthecase,Iinterviewedamanofknowledge.Iaskedhimtoimparthisstockofbirdcatchingknowledge,andalsotocorrectmyroughsketcheswhennecessary.Thesumandsubstanceofmyinterviewisasfollows:Thenets,whichareoftwopieces,areeachabouttwelveyardslongbytwo-and-a-halfyardswide,andaremadewithathree-quartermeshofwhatistechnicallycalledtwo-thread.Thestavesateachend,towhichthenetsarepermanentlyattached,aremadeofreddeal,ferruledandjointedatthemiddle,inthemannerofafishingrod,fortheconvenienceofcarriage.Thelengthofeachwhenputtogetherisaboutfivefeetsixinches,beingthusshorterthanthewidthofthenet.Thiszitwillbereadilyobserved,allowsforthebaggingofthenetanimportantparticular;as,ifthenetswerestrainedtightwithnoallowancemadeforbagging,thebirdswouldflutteralongthegrounduntiltheygotoutatoneendortheother.Asitis,theyrollthemselvesupinthemeshes,andeffectivelyentanglethemselveswhileattemptingtoescape.Astrongline,calledthetopline,passesthewholelengthofeachnet,andisprotractedsomefeetpastthestavesateitherend.Asimilarlinerunsalongthebottommadeofthree-threadorwhipthread.Thisiscalledthebottomline.Therearethentwocordsofsomestrengthattachedtothecentreoftheso-calledforkline,calledthepullline,which,whenrequiredforuse,canbepulledbythebirdcatcher.Eightpegsareused,madeofhardwoodzgenerallyashzfourofwhicharecalledthe"chiefpegs."Allofthepegsarenotched,fortheconvenienceofattachingaline.Thefirstthingtobedoneistolaydowntheright-handnet,andtodriveinthetwochiefpegsatthebottomofthestaves,towhichtheyareattachedbyaloopofstrongcordzactingasahinge.Thetwoendpegsarethendriveninthegroundatsomelittledistancefromandinanexactlinetothechiefpegs.Thebottomlineisthenmadefastateachend,asalsothecontinuationofthetopline.Thetwopegs,lines,andstaffthusformatriangleateachend.Theothernetisthenlaidinsuchamannerthatwhenbotharepulledoveonenetshalloverlaptheothertotheextentofsixinches.Itisthenturnedbackandpeggeddowninthesamewayastheright-handnet.Exactlyinthecentreoftheforkedlinethepulllineisknotted,attheotherendofwhichthebirdcatcherstandsatvaryingdistances,accordingtothebirdhewishestocatch;forinstance,forlinnetsorgoldfinches,thirtytofortyyards;forstarlingsagreaterdistanceisrequired;ortocapturethesewarybirdsabetterplanistoplacethenetsinonefieldwhileyouretireintoanother;bringingthepulllinethroughaninterveninghedge.Cagescontainingbirdsaredispersedaboutontheouteredgesofthenets;infact,myinformantthinksthatifallthecageswereplacedagreaterdistanceawayfromthenetsitwouldbebetter;ashehasfoundthattheusualredorgreencageshavebeenthemeansof"bashing,'-.e.zfrighteningthewildbirdsawayfromthenets.Source:TheProjectGutenbergEBookofPracticalTbxidermy7byMontaguBrowneQuestions1-5Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.1. TheclapnetisA. theonlytypeofnetusedinbirdcatching.B. exclusivelyusedincities.C. themostcommonlyusedtypeofbirdcatchingnet.D. usedtocatchonlyonetypeofbird.2. Whencatchingbirdsthataremigrating,itisimportanttonotethatthebirdsA. areintheairfromdawnuntildusk.B. consistentlyflyintheoppositedirectiontothewindcurrent.C. usuallyflytothewest.D. typicallygointhesamedirectionasthewind.3. WhenusingaclapnetzcallbirdsA. areusedwiththepurposeofencouragingwildbirdstolandonthenet.B. arealwaysofdifferentbreedstotheonesthebirdcatcherisaimingtotrap.C. canonlynumberoneortwointotal.D. areencouragedtoflyfreelyneartothenet.4. ThesuccessofthecallbirdsA. dependsonthedirectionofthewind.B. usuallyenablesthebirdcatchertocatchthewholeflockofwildbirds.C. canberepeatedmonthly.D. isincrediblyfascinatingforthewriterofthetext.5. ThewriterinterviewedabirdcatchingexpertA. becausehedidn'thaveanypreviousknowledgeofthesubject.B. togethelpwithsellinghisownclapnet.C. becausehewantedtolearnaboutthemostcommonlycaughttypesofbirds.D. inordertosupporttheinformationhe,dgainedfromhisreading.Questions6-10CompleteeachsentenceWiththecorrectending,A-G.6. Birdsarecaughtinparticularseasonsoftheyeac7. Thecallbirdsandcagebirdscansensethepresenceofwildbirds8. Ifthenetsinaclapnetwereflat,9. Whentryingtocatchmorecautioustypesofbirdsitisrecommended10. Inordernottofrightenthewildbirdsaway,A. longbeforethebirdcatcherseesthem.B. becauseitismorepracticalforthebirdcatcher.C. thatthebirdcatcherstandinadifferentfield.D. itwouldn'tbepossibletoopenthemafterthecatchingofthebirds.E. thebirdswouldbeabletogetoutofeachend.Ethecagebirdsshouldbeplacedfurtherfromthenets.G. especiallywhenwildbirdsflyandsmallerbirdspairup.Questions11-13Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONlYfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Thewriterlearnsfromthebirdcatchingexpertthatwhenbirdscaughtinaclap-nettryto,theygettangledupinthenet.12. Thepegsinaclap-netareinordertomakeiteasiertoconnectalinetothenet.13. Thechiefpegsoftheright-handnetareconnectedtothebymeansofacord.IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest7PaSSaRe2MAGNETSAItisrelatedbyNicanderthatamongtheshepherdswhotendedtheirflocksonthesidesofMountIdawasonenamedMagnes,whonoticed,that,whiletakinghisherdstopasture,hisshepherd'scrookadheredtosomeoftherocks.Fromthisman'snamesomehavesupposedthenamemagnettohavebeenderived.Itis,however;generallybelievedtohavereceiveditsnamefromtheancientcityofMagnesiainAsiaMinor;nearwhichtheloadstoneormagneticsubstancewasfound.Thisrock,whichpossessestheremarkablepropertyofattractingandholdingtoitselfsmallpiecesofironorsteel,isnowknowntobeoneoftheoresofiron,andiscalledmagnetitebymineralogists.Theironischemicallycombinedwithoxygen,whichforms72.5percentofitsweight.Thereisanotheroreofiron,knownashematite,whichcontainsseventypercentofiron;butthedifferenceoftwoandahalfpercentofironintheoreisenoughtomakethedifferencebetweenamagneticallyinertsubstance,andonewhichmaybeabletoliftamassofironequaltomanytimesitsownweight.BSirIsaacNewtonissaidtohaveworninafinger-ringasmallloadstoneweighingthreegrains,whichwouldliftsevenhundredandfiftygrains,whichisequaltotwohundredandfiftytimesitsownweight.ThemostpowerfulmagnetnowknownisownedbyM.ObellianeofParis.Itcanliftfortytimesitsownweight.Largepieces,however;donotsupportproportionallygreaterweights,seldommorethanoneortwotimestheirownweight.CThereareinmanyplacesintheworldimmensebedsofmagneticiron-ore.SucharetobefoundintheAdirondackregioninNorthernNewYork,andinChesterCounty,Pennsylvania.Thecelebratediron-minesofSwedenconsistofit,andinLaplandthereareseverallargemountainsofit.Itmustnotbeinferred,that,becausethemineraliscalledmagnetite,allspecimenspossessthepropertycalledmagnetism.Thelargemassesseldommanifestanysuchforce,anymorethanordinarypiecesofironorsteelmanifestit:yetanyofitwillbeattractedbyamagnetinthesamewayasironwillbe.ThemostpowerfulnativemagnetsarefoundinSiberia,andintheHartz,arangeofmountainsinNorthernGermany.DWhenapieceofthismagneticallyendowedoreisplacedinamassofiron-filings,itwillbeseenthatthefilingsadheretoitingreatestquantityupontwooppositeendsorsides,andthesearenamedthepolesofthemagnet.Ifthepiecebesuspendedbyastringsoastoturnfreel½itwillinvariablycometorestwiththesamepoleturnedtowardsthenorth;andthispoleisthereforecalledthenorthpoleofthemagnet,andtheactioniscalleddirectiveaction.ThisdirectiveactionwasknowntotheChinesemorethanthreethousandyearsago.IntraversingthosevaststeppesofTartarytheyemployedmagneticcars,inwhichwasthefigureofaman,whosemovable,outstretchedarmalwayspointedtothesouth.DcGilbertaffirmsthatthecompasswasbroughtfromChinatoItalyin1260,byatravellernamedPaulusVenetus.Whenapieceofhardenedsteelisrubbeduponanaturalmagnetzitacquiresthesamedirectiveproperty;and,asthesteelcouldbeeasilyshapedintoaconvenientformforuse,asteelneedlehasgenerallybeenusedfortheneedleofacompass.Thedirectivepowerofthemagnethasbeenandstillisofincalculablevaluetoallcivilizednations.Oceannavigationwouldbeimpossiblewithoutit,andterritorialboundariesarefixedbymeansofit;butthereareotherpropertiesandrelationsofamagnet,whichhavebeendiscoveredwithinthelastfiftyyears,whicharedestinedtobeasimportanttomankindasthatofthecompasshasbeen.EIn1825,WilliamSturgeonofWoolwichzEngland,discoveredthatifacopperwirewerewoundaroundapieceofsoftiron,andacurrentofelectricitysentthroughthewire,thesoftironwouldbecomeamagnet,butwouldretainitsmagnetismnolongerthanwhilethecurrentofelectricitywaspassingthroughthecoil.Themagnetismdevelopedinthiswaywascalledelectro-magnetism,andtheironsowoundwascalledanelectro-magnet.Thefirstelectro-magnetwasmadebywindingbarewireuponthesoftiron.Thismethodwillnotproduceverystrongmagnets.In1830,ProfessorHenryinsulatedthewirebycoveringitwithsilkzandwasthefirsttoproducepowerfulmagnets.Onasoftironbaroffifty-ninepoundsweightheusedtwenty-sixcoilsofwire,thirteenoneachleg,alljoinedtoacommonconductorbytheiroppositeends,andhavinganaggregatelengthofsevenhundredandtwenty-eightfeet.Thisapparatuswasfoundabletosustainaweightoftwenty-fivehundredpounds.Thiselectro-magnetisnowownedbyYaleCollege.FThepoweroftheelectro-magnetisenormouslygreaterthanthatofanypermanentmagnet.ApermanentmagnetmadebyJaminofParis,whichismadeupofmanystripsofthinsteelboundtogetherandweighingfourpounds,isabletosupportaweightofonehundredpounds;butDrJoulemadeanelectro-magnet,byarrangingthecoilstoadvantage,thatwouldsupportthirty-fivehundredtimesitsownweight,oronehundredandfortytimestheproportionateloadofSirIsaacNewton'sringmagnet.Source:TheTelephone-AnAccountofthePhenomenaofElectricity,Magnetism,andSound,asInvolvedinItsActionbyA.E.DolbearIELTSADVANTAGEQuestions14-18Readingpassage2has6sectionsA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsA-DandFfromthelistOfheadingsi-ixbelow.ListofHeadingsiMagnetsareimportantforliftingweightsiiThecreationoftheelectro-magnetiiiMagnetshelpgiveusdirectionivThediscoveryofmagnetsvThelocationsofmagneticrockviThepowerofmagnetsviiHelpingsailorsfindnorthviiiWhatismagneticrock?i×Thegreatstrengthoftheelectro-magnet14. SectionA15. SectionB16. SectionC17. SectionDExample:SectionEii18. SectionFQuestions19-22Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.19. Magneticrock,calledmagnetite,isnowknowntobeoneoftheoresofironanditsironiswithalargeproportionofoxygen.20. Justbecauseoreiscalledmagnetitewecannotassumethattherockhasthepowerofmagnetism;thelargepiecesseldomhavethepowereventhoughitisallamagnetjustasironis.21. isthetermgiventothewaymagnets/polesconsistentlypointtothesamedirection.22. Inrecentyears,discoveriesofmagnets'furtherfeaturesaredeemedtobeasthecompass.Questions23-27Matcheachquestionfromthetext(questions23-27)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Whichofthepeople(A-E)intheboxbelow.23. hadamagneticpieceofjewellery?24. discoveredelectro-magnetism?25. arrangedcoilstocreateanelectro-magnetwithsuperweight-bearingproperties?26. toldastorythatledmanypeopletocometoconclusionsabouthowmagnetsgottheirname?27. documentedChina'sdiscoveryofthecompassanditspassagetoEurope?ListofpeopleADrGilbertBWilliamSturgeonCPaulusVenetusDNicanderEDrJouIeFMagnesGSirIsaacNewtonPaSSaRe3FUNGIA-Therigidutilitarianwillhardlybesatisfiedwiththeshortcataloguewhichcanbefurnishedoftheusesoffungi.Exceptingthosewhichareemployedmoreorlessforhumanfood,veryfewvarietiesoffungiareofanypracticalvalueinartsormedicine.Itistruethatimperfectconditionsoffungiexertaveryimportantinfluenceonfermentation,andthusbecomeuseful;but,unfortunatel½fungihavethereputationofbeingmoredestructiveandoffensivethanvaluableoruseful.Notwithstandingthatalargenumberofspecieshavefromtimetotimebeenenumeratedasedible,yetthosecommonlyemployedandrecognizedareveryfewinnumber;prejudiceinmanycases,andfearinothers,militatingstronglyagainstadditionstothenumber.InGreatBritainthisisespeciallythecase,andhoweveradvisableitmaybetoexercisegreatcareandcautioninexperimentingonuntriedordoubtfulspecies,itcanonlyberegardedasprejudicewhichpreventsgood,infact,excellent,ediblespeciesbeingmoreextensivelyused,insteadofallowingthemtorotbythousandsonthespotswheretheyhavegrown.Poisonousspeciesarealsoplentiful,andnogoldenrulecanbeestablishedbymeansofwhichanyonemaydetectataglancegoodfrombad,withoutthatkindofknowledgewhichisappliedtothediscriminationofspecies.Yet,afterall,thecharactersofhalfadozengoodediblefungiareacquiredaseasilyasthedistinctionsbetweenhalfadozenbirdssuchasanyploughboycandiscriminate.B-Thecommonmushroomisthebestknownediblevariety,whetherinitsuncultivatedorinacultivatedstate.InBritain,manythousandsofpeople,notablythelowerclasses,willnotrecognizeanyotherasfitforfood,whilstinItalythesameclasseshaveastrongprejudiceagainstthisverspecies.InVienna,wefoundbypersonalexperiencethat,althoughmanyothersareeaten,itisthiswhichhasthemostuniversalpreference,yetitappearsbutsparinglyinthemarketsascomparedwithothers.InHungary,itdoesnotenjoybyanymeanssogoodareputation.InFranceandinGermany,itisacommonarticleofconsumption.Thedifferentvarietiesfound,astheresultsofcultivation,presentsomevariationincolourandotherminorfeatures,whilstremainingtruetotheconstituentcharactersofthespecies.Althoughitisnotourintentiontoenumerateherethebotanicaldistinctionsofthespeciestowhichwemaycallattention,yet,asmistakes(sometimesfatal)areoftenbeingrecorded,inwhichOtherfungiareconfoundedwiththis,wemaybepermittedahintortwowhichshouldb