2024剑桥雅思讲义Short_Answer_Practice_Questions_1_.docx

Answerthequestionsbelow.WriteNOMORETHAN3WORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.1 Alongwitharound8carbonatoms,howmanyhydrogenatomsareneededtoresultinoil?2 Howmanygallonsofoilarestillinthegroundwaitingtobeaccessed?3 Whathasoilbeenplayingareducedroleinduringthelast25years?4 Whatpercentageoftheglobalenergysupplyisoilcurrentlyresponsiblefor?5 InwhatyeardidAmericanslikelyconsumethemostgasoline?6 Inthe1920s,whatdidtheworldexperience?7 Alongwithnuclearenergy,whatotherenergysourcehasbeenreplacingoilduringthelastfewdecades?8 Whathastheworldbeensystematicallydoingtoitsenergysysteminthelast200years?9 Whatkindsofenergyresourcesareexpectedtoberesponsibleforupto30%ofenergysuppliesbythemiddleofthiscentury?10 Intheend,alongwithideasandinnovations,whatwillendtheageofoilbeforeitisevendepleted?AnswerKey:1. 20/twenty2. 100trillion/onehundredtrillion3. globalenergysystems4. 35percent/35%thirty-fivepercent5. 20076. peakcoal7. naturalgas8. decarbonizing/decarbonising9. renewable(s)10. technologyLinktovideotutorial:https:Share.oetcloudaDP.com/WnuG2LPvTranSCriPtSource:https:WWWForthenextfewminuteswe'regoingtotalkaboutenergy,andit,sgoingtobeabitofavariedtalk.lltrytospinastoryaboutenergy,andoil'saconvenientstartingplace.Thetalkwillbebroadlyaboutenergy,butoil'sagoodplacetostart.Andoneofthereasonsisthisisremarkablestuff.Youtakeabouteightorsocarbonatoms,about20hydrogenatoms,youputthemtogetherinexactlytherightwayandyougetthismarvelousliquid:veryenergy-denseandveryeasytorefineintoanumberofveryusefulproductsandfuels.It'sgreatstuff.Now,asfarasitgoes,there'salotofoiloutthereintheworld.Here'smylittlepocketmapofwhereit,salllocated.Abiggeroneforyoutolookat.Butthisisit,thisistheoilintheworld.Geologistshaveaprettygoodideaofwheretheoilis.Thisisabout100trilliongallonsofcrudeoilstilltobedevelopedandproducedintheworldtoday.Now,that'sjustonestoryaboutoil,andwecouldenditthereandsay,"Well,oil'sgoingtolastforeverbecause,well,there'sjustalotofit."Butthere'sactuallymoretothestorythanthat.Oh,bytheway,ifyouthinkyou'reveryfarfromsomeofthisoil,1000metersbelowwhereyou'reallsittingisoneofthelargestproducingoilfieldsintheworld.Cometalktomeaboutit,llfillinsomeofthedetailsifyouwant.So,that'soneofthestoriesofoil;there'sjustalotofit.Butwhataboutoil?Whereisitintheenergysystem?Here'salittlesnapshotof150yearsofoil,andit'sbeenadominantpartofourenergysystemformostofthose150years.Now,here,sanotherlittlesecretmgoingtotellyouabout:Forthelast25years,oilhasbeenplayinglessandlessofaroleinglobalenergysystems.Therewasonekindofpeakoilin1985,whenoilrepresented50percentofglobalenergysupply.Now,it,sabout35percent.It'sbeendecliningandIbelieveitwillcontinuetodecline.GasolineconsumptionintheU.S.probablypeakedin2007andisdeclining.So,oilisplayingalesssignificantroleeveryyear.Andso,25yearsago,therewasapeakoil;justlike,inthe1920s,therewasapeakcoal;andahundredyearsbeforethat,therewasapeakwood.Thisisaveryimportantpictureoftheevolutionofenergysystems.Andwhat'sbeentakinguptheslackinthelastfewdecades?Well,alotofnaturalgasandalittlebitofnuclear,forstarters.Andwhatgoesoninthefuture?Well,Ithinkoutaheadofusafewdecadesispeakgas,andbeyondthat,peakrenewables.Now,lltellyouanotherlittle,veryimportantstoryaboutthispicture.Now,mnotpretendingthatenergyuseintotalisn'tincreasing,itis-that'sanotherpartofthestory.Cometalktomeaboutit,we'llfillinsomeofthedetails-butthere,saveryimportantmessagehere:Thisis200yearsofhistory,andfor200yearswe'vebeensystematicallydecarbonizingourenergysystem.Energysystemsoftheworldbecomingprogressively-yearonyear,decadeondecade,centuryoncentury-becominglesscarbonintense.Andthatcontinuesintothefuturewiththerenewablesthatwe'redevelopingtoday,reachingmaybe30percentofprimaryenergybymid-century.Nowthatmightbetheendofthestory-Okay,wejustreplaceitallwithconventionalrenewables-butIthink,actually,there'smoretothestorythanthat.Andtotellthenextpartofthestory-andthisislookingoutsay2100andbeyond.Whatisthefutureoftrulysustainable,carbon-freeenergy?Well,wehavetotakealittleexcursion,andwe'llstartincentralTexas.Here'sapieceoflimestone.IpickeditupoutsideofMarbleFalls,Texas.It'sabout400millionyearsold.Andit'sjustlimestone,nothingreallyspecialaboutit.Now,here'sapieceofchalk.IpickedthisupatMIT.It'salittleyounger.Andit'sdifferentthanthislimestone,youcanseethat.Youwouldn'tbuildabuildingoutofthisstuff,andyouwouldn'ttrytogivealectureandwriteonthechalkboardwiththis.Yeah,it'sverydifferent-no,it'snotdifferent.It'snotdifferent,it'sthesamestuff:calciumcarbonate,calciumcarbonate.Whafsdifferentishowthemoleculesareputtogether.Now,ifyouthinkthat'skindofneat,thestorygetsreallyneatrightnow.OffthecoastofCaliforniacomesthis:IVsanabaloneshell.Now,millionsofabaloneeveryyearmakethisshell.Oh,bytheway,justincaseyouweren'talreadyguessing,it'scalciumcarbonate.It'sthesamestuffasthisandthesamestuffasthis.Butit'snotthesamestuff;it,sdifferent.Ifsthousandsoftimes,maybe3,000timestougherthanthis.Andwhy?Becausethelowlyabaloneisabletolaydownthecalciumcarbonatecrystalsinlayers,makingthisbeautiful,iridescentmotherofpearl.Veryspecializedmaterialthattheabaloneself-assembles,millionsofabalone,allthetime,everyday,everyyear.Thisisprettyincrediblestuff.Allthesame,what'sdifferent?Howthemoleculesareputtogether.Now,whatdoesthishavetodowithenergy?Here'sapieceofcoal.Andllsuggestthatthiscoalisaboutasexcitingasthischalk.Now,whetherwe'retalkingaboutfuelsorenergycarriers,orperhapsnovelmaterialsforbatteriesorfuelcells,naturehasn'teverbuiltthoseperfectmaterialsyetbecausenaturedidn'tneedto.Naturedidn'tneedtobecause,unliketheabaloneshell,thesurvivalofaspeciesdidn'tdependonbuildingthosematerials,untilmaybenowwhenitmightjustmatter.So,whenwethinkaboutthefutureofenergy,imaginewhatwoulditbelikeifinsteadofthis,wecouldbuildtheenergyequivalentofthisjustbyrearrangingthemoleculesdifferently.Andsothatismystory.Theoilwillneverrunout.It'snotbecausewehavealotofit.It'snotbecausewe'regoingtobuildabajillionwindmills.It'sbecause,well,thousandsofyearsago,peopleinventedideas-theyhadideas,innovations,technology-andtheStoneAgeended,notbecauseweranoutofstones.It'sideas,it'sinnovation,it'stechnologythatwillendtheageofoil,longbeforewerunoutofoil.Thankyouverymuch.