2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_4.docx

PaSSage1UsingthesuntopurifywaterThefollowingarticledetailstwomethodsofwaterpurificationbymeansofthesun.Solarwaterdisinfection,alsoknownasSODIS,isamethodOfdisinfectingwaterusingonlysunlightandplasticPETbottles.SODISisafreeandeffectivemethodfordecentralizedwatertreatment,usuallyappliedatthehouseholdlevelandisrecommendedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationasaviablemethodforhouseholdwatertreatmentandsafestorage.SODISisalreadyappliedinnumerousdevelopingcountries.Exposuretosunlightusingthisprocesshasbeenshowntodeactivatediarrhoea-causingorganismsinpolluteddrinkingwater.ForSODISzcolourless,transparentPETwaterorpopbottles(2litreorsmallersize)withfewsurfacescratchesarechosenforuse.Thelabelsareremovedandthebottlesarewashedbeforethefirstuse.Waterfromcontaminatedsourcesispouredintothebottles,and,toimproveoxygensaturation,thebottlesarefilledtothethree-quartermark,shakenfor20seconds(withthecapon),thenfilledcompletelyandrecapped.Verycloudywaterwithaturbidityhigherthan30NTUmustbefilteredpriortoexposuretothesunlight.Thefilledbottlesarethenexposedtothesun.Thebottlesheatfasterandtohighertemperaturesiftheyareplacedonaslopedsun-facingcorrugatedmetalroofascomparedtothatchedroofs.Thetreatedwatercanbeconsumeddirectlyfromthebottleorpouredintocleandrinkingcups.Theriskofre-contaminationisminimizedifthewaterisstoredinthebottleszandrefillingandstorageinothercontainersincreasestheriskofcontamination.Thesecondmethodistouseasolarstill.AsolarstillisasimplewayofdistillingWaterZusingtheheatofthesuntodriveevaporationfromhumidsoil,andambientairtocoolacondenserfilm.Twobasictypesofsolarstillsareboxandpitstills.Inapitsolarstill,apitisduginthegroundandapieceoftransparentplasticissuspendedbetweenlargerockslocatedontheupperedgesofthepit.Asmallweightisplacedontopoftheplasticsheetinthemiddlesoastoweighthesheetdown.Aburiedcupispositionedimmediatelybelowthisweight,beneaththeplastic,atthelowestpointofthepit,andatuberunsfromtheburiedcupbackuptothegroundsurfacesothatwatercanberemovedafterwards.Thewayitworksisthatimpurewaterinthehumidsoiloutsidetheburiedcupisevaporatedbysunlightshiningthroughclearplastic.Thepurewatervapourcondensesonthecoolinsideplasticsurfaceanddripsdownfromtheweightedlowpoint,whereitcollectsintheburiedcupandisthenremovedusingthetube.Thebasicprinciplesofsolarwaterdistillationaresimpleyeteffective,asdistillationreplicatesthewaynaturemakesrain.Thesun'senergyheatswatertothepointofevaporation.Asthewaterevaporates,watervaporrises,condensingontheplasticsurfaceforcollection.Thisprocessremovesimpuritiessuchassaltsandheavymetalsaswellaseliminatingmicrobiologicalorganisms.Theendresultiswatercleanerthanthepurestrainwater.Solarstillsareusedincaseswhererain,piped,orwellwaterisimpractical,suchasinremotehomesorduringpoweroutages.InFloridaandotherhurricanetargetareasthatfrequentlylosepowerforafewdays,solardistillationcanprovideanalternatesourceofcleanwater.Solarstillsareoccasionallyusedonalongertermbasisindevelopingworldsettings.However;dependingonenvironmentalconditions,theyusuallyproducearelativelysmallamountofwater;andevenlesswherethesourceissalineorbrackish.Ifthesourceisinadequate,acompromisemethodistomixthedistilledwaterwiththebrackishorsalinewaterpurifiedwithothermethodsasthisgivesamoreadequatequantityandre-introducestheothersourcecontaminants,whilestillloweringthesalinity,andimprovingthetaste.Knowinghowtoputtogetherasolarstillcanprovetobeausefulsurvivalskillandcouldprovideanimportantmeansofobtainingpotablewaterintheeventofawildernessemergency.Nevertheless,undertypicalconditionsmakeshiftsolarstillsrarelyproduceenoughwaterforlong-termsurvival,andthesweatexpendedinbuildingonecaneasilyexceeditsdailyoutput.Solarstillscanextractwaterfrommoistureinthegroundbuttoincreasetheamountofmoistureavailabletoasolarstill,water(freshorsaline)canbeaddedinsideoralongtheedgesofthestill.Wherenowatersourcesarereadilyavailable,shreddedvegetation,wetsoilorsand,orurineorcoveredfaeces,canbeusedinsidethepit.Ifonlythenaturalsoilmoistureisused,thepitmusteventuallybemovedastheproductivitydrops.Adaptedfrom:https:en.WikiboOkS.orqWiki/DrinkinqWater/Disinfection/SOIarandhttps:en.WikiboOkS.orqWiki/DrinkinqWClter/DistillationQuestions1-4ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.1. SODISA. isseldomusedinthedevelopingworld.B. istypicallymadeuseofindomesticsettings.C. isusedtomeltandrecycleplasticPETbottles.D. canbeexpensive.2. ThePETbottlesusedinSODISA. mustbefilledtothetopbeforetheprocessbegins.B. shouldhaveatleasta2-litrecapacity.C. shouldbepositionedonaslantingmetalsurfacetogetthebestresults.D. musthaveahighturbidityindex.3. AsolarstillA. makesuseofthesameprocessthatisusedtoproduceraininnature.B. requirestheuseofsalttopurifymetals.C. involvesthecollectionofimpurerainwaterinaburiedcup.D. isawayofmeltingandrecyclingclearplastic.4. SolarstillsA. areoftenusedincombinationwithwells.B. canbeimpracticalinhurricanes.C. donotprovidemuchwaterinsalineconditions.D. areuncommoninFlorida.Questions5-9CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Ifromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes5-9onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.5. SODIS.6. Shakingthepartially-filledPETbottlesbeforetheSODISprocessbegins.7. Thepurewaterinasolarstill.O.Normally,solarstills.Q.Onewayofincreasingthemoisturecontentofasolarstill.A. aidsoxygensaturation.B. arecreatedintheformofapit.C. arenotareliablemeansofsurvivaloveralongperiodoftime.D. collectsfirstontheinnersurfaceoftheplasticbeforedroppingintothecup.E. condensesontheuppersurfaceoftheplastic.F. istoaddcut-uppiecesofplantmaterial.G. isusedbytheWHOasameansofdisasterrelief.H. makescertainharmfulorganismsharmless.I. shouldnotbedonewiththebottlecapon.Questions10-13Labelthecomponentsofthepitsolarstillinthediagramusingwordsfromthebox.PitsolarstillPitsolarstillburied cup humid soil impure water large rocksmicrobiologicalorganismssmallweightsunlighttubePaSSaRe2TheKeystoEarlyUrbanizationinAmericaA-AsAmericagrewinthelatenineteenthcentury,certainelementsledsometownstomorphintolargeurbancenters,whileothersdidnot.Thefollowingfourinnovationsprovedcriticalinshapingurbanizationattheturnofthecentury:electriclighting,communicationimprovements,intracitytransportation,andtheriseofskyscrapers.Aspeoplemigratedforthenewjobs,theyoftenstruggledwiththeabsenceofbasicurbaninfrastructures,suchasbettertransportation,adequatehousing,meansofcommunication,andefficientsourcesoflightandenergy.Eventhebasicnecessities,suchasfreshwaterandpropersanitationoftentakenforgrantedinthecountryside-presentedagreaterchallengeinurbanlife.B-ThomasEdisonpatentedtheincandescentlightbulbin1879.Thisdevelopmentquicklybecamecommoninhomesaswellasfactories,transforminghowevenlower-andmiddle-classAmericanslived.Althoughslowtoarriveinruralareasofthecountry,electricpowerbecamereadilyavailableincitieswhenthefirstcommercialpowerplantsbegantoopenin1882.WhenNikolaTeslasubsequentlydevelopedtheAC(alternatingcurrent)systemfortheWestinghouseElectric&ManufacturingCompany,powersuppliesforlightsandotherfactoryequipmentcouldextendformilesfromthepowersource.ACpowertransformedtheuseofelectricity,allowingurbancenterstophysicallycovergreaterareas.Inthefactories,electriclightspermittedoperationstoruntwenty-fourhoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Thisincreaseinproductionrequiredadditionalworkers,andthisdemandbroughtmorepeopletocities.Gradually,citiesbegantoilluminatethestreetswithelectriclampstoallowthecitytoremainalightthroughoutthenight.Nolongerdidthepaceoflifeandeconomicactivityslowsubstantiallyatsunset,thewayithadinsmallertowns.Thecities,followingthefactoriesthatdrewpeoplethere,stayedopenallthetime.C-Thetelephone,patentedin1876,greatlytransformedcommunicationbothregionallyandnationally.Thetelephonerapidlysupplantedthetelegraphasthepreferredformofcommunication;by1900zover1.5milliontelephoneswereinusearoundthenation,whetherasprivatelinesinthehomesofsomemiddle-andupper-classAmericans,orasjointlyused“partyIineswinmanyruralareas.Byallowinginstantcommunicationoverlargerdistancesatanygiventime,growingtelephonenetworksmadeurbansprawlpossible.Inthesamewaythatelectriclightsspurredgreaterfactoryproductionandeconomicgrowth,thetelephoneincreasedbusinessthroughthemorerapidpaceofdemand.Now,orderscouldcomeconstantlyviatelephone,ratherthanviamail-order.Moreordersgeneratedgreaterproduction,whichinturnrequiredstillmoreworkers.Thisdemandforadditionallaborplayedakeyroleinurbangrowth,asexpandingcompaniessoughtworkerstohandletheincreasingconsumerdemandfortheirproducts.D-Ascitiesgrewandsprawledoutward,amajorchallengewasefficienttravelwithinthecity-fromhometofactoriesorshops,andthenbackagain.Mosttransportationinfrastructurewasusedtoconnectcitiestoeachothe;typicallybyrailorcanal.Priortothe1880sztwoofthemostcommonformsoftransportationwithincitiesweretheomnibusandthehorsecar.Anomnibuswasalarge,horse-drawncarriage.Ahorsecarwassimilartoanomnibus,butitwasplacedonironorsteeltrackstoprovideasmootherride.Whilethesehorse-drivenvehiclesworkedadequatelyinsmaller,less-congestedcities,theywerenotequippedtohandlethelargercrowdsthatdevelopedatthecloseofthecentury.Thehorseshadtostopandrest,andhorsemanurebecameanongoingproblem.E-In1887,FrankSpragueinventedtheelectrictrolley,whichworkedalongthesameconceptasthehorsecar,withalargewagonontracks,butwaspoweredbyelectricityratherthanhorses.Theelectrictrolleycouldrunthroughoutthedayandnight,likethefactoriesandtheworkerswhofueledthem.Butitalsomodernizedlessimportantindustrialcenters,suchasthesoutherncityofRichmond,Virginia.Asearlyas1873,SanFranciscoengineersadoptedpulleytechnologyfromtheminingindustrytointroducecablecarsandturnthecity'ssteephillsintoelegantmiddle-classcommunities.However,ascrowdscontinuedtogrowinthelargestcities,suchasChicagoandNewYork,trolleyswereunabletomoveefficientlythroughthecrowdsofpedestrians.Toavoidthischallenge,cityplannerselevatedthetrolleylinesabovethestreets,creatingelevatedtrains,orL-trains,asearlyas1868inNewYorkCity,andquicklyspreadingtoBostonin1887andChicagoin1892.Finally,asskyscrapersbegantodominatethear,transportationevolvedonestepfurthertomoveundergroundassubways.Boston,ssubwaysystembeganoperatingin1897zandwasquicklyfollowedbyNewYorkandothercities.F-Thelastlimitationthatlargecitieshadtoovercomewastheever-increasingneedforspace.Easterncities,unliketheirmidwesterncounterparts,couldnotcontinuetogrowoutwardzasthelandsurroundingthemwasalreadysettled.Geographiclimitationssuchasriversorthecoastalsohamperedsprawl.Andinallcities,citizensneededtobecloseenoughtourbancenterstoconvenientlyaccesswork,shops,andothercoreinstitutionsofurbanlife.Theincreasingcostofrealestatemadeupwardgrowthattractive,andsodidtheprestigethattoweringbuildingscarriedforthebusinessesthatoccupiedthem.WorkerscompletedthefirstskyscraperinChicago,theten-storyHomeInsuranceBuilding,in1885.Althoughengineershadthecapabilitytogohigher;thankstonewsteelconstructiontechniques,theyrequiredanothervitalinventioninordertomaketallerbuildingsviable:theelevator.In1889ztheOtisEevatorCompany,ledbyinventorElishaOtis,installedthefirstelectricelevator.Thisbegantheskyscrapercraze,allowingdevelopersineasterncitiestobuildandmarketprestigiousrealestateintheheartsofcrowdedeasternconurbations.Source:https:OPenStaX.orqbooksus-histoyDcIeIeS/19-1-UrbaniZatiOn-Cmd-its-challenqesQuestions14-18Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERfromreadingpassage2foreachanswer.InventionInventorYearConsequenceoftheinventiontheACsystemNikolaTesla14couldgrowtocoveralargerphysicalspacethe15patentedinurbansprawl1becamepossible6thecablecartransformedthehillsidesof1the18ElishaOtisinstalledin1889tcrazefor",buildingskyscrapersQuestions19-23Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinthetext?Forquestions19-23,chooseTrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthis19. Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,sanitationincitieswasoftenbetterthaninruralareas.20. 日ectriclightingmeantthatincitiesatnightcommercecouldcontinueatthesamepaceasduringtheday.21. Thetelephonewasseentobeamuchmorereliableformofcommunicationthanthetelegraph.22. Elevatedtrainswerecreatedinordertoavoidtheproblemofovercrowdingontrains.23. After1889zelevatorswereusedineverynewskyscraperconstructedineasterncities.Questions24-27Readingpassage2has6paragraphsA-F.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Forquestions24-27,choosethecorrectletterA-F.24. Howtheproblemofthelimitedspaceavailabletohousepeopleincitieswasovercome.25. Howthelackofbasicamenitiesatfirstcauseddifficultiesformigrantstocities.26. Howlongerfactoryworkinghoursledtoincreasedemployment.27. Theproblemsassociatedwiththeuseofhorsesfortransportationwithincities.PaSSaHe3Capitalpunishment:ControversyanddebateA-Capitalpunishment,alsoknownasthedeathpenalty,isagovernment-sanctionedpracticewherebyapersonisputtodeathbythestateasapunishmentforacrime.Capitalpunishmentiscontroversial.Deathpenaltyopponentsregardthedeathpenaltyasinhumaneandcriticizeitforitsirreversibility.ProminentdeathpenaltyabolitionistMarthaOzConneIIarguesalsothatcapitalpunishmentlacksdeterrenteffect,discriminatesagainstminoritiesandthepoor;andthatitencouragesa"cultureofviolence".Therearemanyorganizationsworldwide,suchasAmnestyInternational,andcountry-specific,suchastheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),thathaveabolitionofthedeathpenaltyasafundamentalpurpose.Advocatesofthedeathpenaltyarguethatitdeterscrime,isagoodtoolforpoliceandprosecutorsinpleabargaining,makessurethatconvictedcriminalsdonotoffendagain,andisajustpenalty.B-Manysupportersofthedeathpenaltyarguethatthedeathpenaltyismorallyjustifiedwhenappliedinmurder;especiallywithaggravatingelementssuchasformurderofpoliceofficers,childmurdectorturemurder,multiplehomicideandmasskillingsuchasterrorism,massacreandgenocide.ThisargumentisstronglydefendedbyNewYorkLawSchool'sProfessorRobertBlecker,whosaysthatthepunishmentmustbepainfulinproportiontothecrime.Eighteenth-centuryphilosopherImmanuelKantdefendedamoreextremeposition,accordingtowhicheverymurdererdeservestodieonthegroundsthatlossoflifeisincomparabletoanyjailterm.Someabolitionistsarguethatretributionissimplyrevengeandcannotbecondoned.Others,whileacceptingretributionasanelementofcriminaljustice,nonethelessarguethatlifeinprisonwithoutparoleisasufficientsubstitute.Itisalsoarguedthatthepunishingofakillingwithanotherdeathisarelativelyuniquepunishmentforaviolentact,becauseingeneralviolentcrimesarenotpunishedbysubjectingtheperpetratortoasimilaract(e.g.rapistsarenotpunishedbycorporalpunishment).C-Abolitionistsbelievecapitalpunishmentistheworstviolationofhumanrights,becausetherighttolifeisthemostimportant,andcapitalpunishmentviolatesitwithoutnecessityandinflictspsychologicaltortureonthecondemned.Humanrightsactivistsopposethedeathpenalty,callingitcruel,inhumananddegradingpunishment.AmnestyInternationalconsidersittobe“theultimateirreversibledenialofHumanRights".AlbertCamus