2024剑桥雅思讲义Table_Completion.docx

ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGETableCompletionPaSSaHe1ClassesofTreesintheUSAThetimberoftheUnitedStatesisfurnishedbythreewell-definedclassesoftrees:(1)theneedle-leaved,naked-seededconifers,suchaspine,cedar;etc.,(2)thebroad-leavedtreessuchasoak,poplar;etc.,and(3)toaninferiorextentbythe(one-seedleaf)palms,yuccas,andtheirallies,whichareconfinedtothemostsouthernpartsofthecountry.Broad-leavedtreesarealsoknownasdeciduoustrees,although,especiallyinwarmcountries,manyofthemareevergreen,whiletheneedle-leavedtrees(conifers)arecommonlytermed"evergreens,"althoughthelarch,baldcypresszandothersshedtheirleaveseveryfall,andeventhenames"broad-leaved"and"coniferous,"thoughperhapsthemostsatisfactory,arenotatallexact,fortheconifer"ginkgo"hasbroadleavesandbearsnocones.Amongthewoodsmen,thewoodsofbroad-leavedtreesareknownas"hardwoods,"thoughpoplarisassoftaspine,andthe"coniferouswoods"areknownas"softwoods,"notwithstandingthefactthatyewrankshighinhardnessevenwhencomparedwith"hardwoods".Bothinthenumberofdifferentkindsoftreesorspeciesandstillmoreintheimportanceoftheirproducttheconifersandbroad-leavedtreesfarexcelthepalmsandtheirrelatives.Inthemanneroftheirgrowth,boththeconifersandbroad-leavedtreesbehavealike,addingeachyearanewlayerofwood,whichcoverstheoldwoodinallpartsofthestemandlimbs.Thus,thetrunkcontinuestogrowinthicknessthroughoutthelifeofthetreebyadditions(annualrings),whichintemperateclimatesare,barringaccidents,accuraterecordsofthetree'sage.Withthepalmsandtheirrelativesthestemremainsgenerallyofthesamediameter;thetreeofahundredyearsoldbeingasthickasitwasattenyears,thegrowthofthesebeingonlyatthetop.Evenwhereaperipheralincreasetakesplace,asintheyuccas,thewoodisnotlaidoninwell-definedlayersforthestructureremainsirregularthroughout.Thoughalikeinthemanneroftheirgrowth,andthereforesimilarintheirgeneralmake-up,conifersandbroad-leavedtreesdiffermarkedlyinthedetailsoftheirstructureandthecharacteroftheirwood.Thewoodofallconifersisverysimpleinitsstructure,thefibrescomposingthemainpartofthewoodallbeingalikeandtheirarrangementregular.Thewoodofthebroad-leavedtreesiscomplexinstructure;itismadeupofdifferentkindsofcellsandfibresandlackstheregularityofarrangementsonoticeableintheconifers.Thisdifferenceissogreatthatinastudyofwoodstructureitisbesttoconsiderthetwokindsseparately.Inthiscountrythegreatvarietyofwoods,andespeciallyofusefulwoods,oftenmakesthemeredistinctionofthekindorspeciesoftreemostdifficult.Thus,thereareatleasteightpinesofthethirty-fivenativeonesonthemarket,someofwhichsocloselyresembleeachotherintheirminutestructurethatonecanhardlytellthemapartzandyettheydifferinqualityandareoftenmixedorconfoundedinthetrade.Ofthethirty-sixoaks,ofwhichprobablynotlessthansixoreightareQD国IELTSADVANTAGETable Completionmarketed,wecanreadilyrecognizebymeansoftheirminuteanatomyatleasttwotribes-thewhiteandblackoaks.Thesameistrueoftheelevenkindsofhickory,thesixkindsofash,andsoon.ThelistofnamesofalltreesindigenoustotheUnitedStates,asenumeratedbytheUnitedStatesForestService,is495innumber,thedesignationof"tree"beingappliedtoallwoodyplantswhichproducenaturallyintheirnativehabitatonemainzerectstem,bearingadefinitecrown,nomatterwhatsizetheyattain.TimberisproducedonlybytheSpermatophyta,orseed-bearingplants,whicharesubdividedintotheGymnosperms(conifers),andAngiosperms(broad-leaved),Theconiferorcone-bearingtree,towhichbelongthepines,larches,andfirs,isoneofthethreenaturalordersofGymnosperms.Thesearegenerallyclassedas"softwoods,"andaremoreextensivelyscatteredandmoregenerallyusedthananyotherclassoftimber;andaresimpleandregularinstructure.Theso-called"hardwoods"are"Dicotyledons"orbroad-leavedtrees,asubdivisionoftheAngiosperms.Theyaregenerallyofslowergrowth,andproducehardertimberthantheconifers,butnotnecessarilyso.Basswood,poplar;sycamore,andsomeofthegums,thoughclassedwiththehardwoods,arenotnearlyashardassomeofthepines.Source:https:WWW.qutenberq.orq/files/26598/26598-h/26598-h.htm#SECTloN/Questions1-6Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromreadingpassage1foreachanswer.TreetypeAlsoknownasWoodknownasDiameterofthetrunkStructureofthewoodBroad-leaved13.Increasesin5whilethetreeisalive6Needle-IeavedConifersor2Coniferouswoodsor4.SimplePalmsRemainsthesame