2024剑桥雅思讲义True_False_Not_Given.docx

PaSSaRe3TheConservationEthicThegoalsofconservationincludeconservinghabitat,preventingdeforestation,haltingspeciesextinction,reducingoverfishingandmitigatingclimatechange.Differentphilosophicaloutlooksguideconservationiststowardsthesegoals.A-Theprincipalvalueunderlyingmanyexpressionsoftheconservationethicisthatthenaturalworldhasintrinsicandintangibleworthalongwithpracticalorutilitarianvalue-aviewcarriedforwardbypartsofthescientificconservationmovementandsomeoftheolderRomanticschoolsofecologymovement.Philosophershaveattachedintrinsicvaluetodifferentaspectsofnature,whetherthisisindividualorganisms(biocentrism)orecologicalwholessuchasspeciesorecosystems(ecoholism).B-IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theyear1864sawthepublicationoftwobookswhichlaidthefoundationforRomanticandUtilitarianconservationtraditionsinAmerica.TheposthumouspublicationofHenryDavidThoreau'sWaldenestablishedthegrandeurofunspoilednatureasacitadeltonourishthespiritofman.FromGeorgePerkinsMarshaverydifferentbook,ManandNaturezlatersubtitled"TheEarthasModifiedbyHumanAction",cataloguedhisobservationsofmanexhaustingandalteringthelandfromwhichhissustenancederives.C-TheconsumerconservationethicissometimesexpressedbythefourR's:"Rethink,Reduce,Recycle,Repair".Thissocialethicprimarilyrelatestolocalpurchasing,moralpurchasing,thesustainedandefficientuseofrenewableresources,themoderationofdestructiveuseoffiniteresources,andthepreventionofharmtocommonresourcessuchasairandwaterquality,thenaturalfunctionsofalivingearth,andculturalvaluesinabuiltenvironment.D-Distincttrendsexistregardingconservationdevelopment.Whilemanycountries'effortstopreservespeciesandtheirhabitatshavebeengovernment-led,thoseinnorthwesternEuropetendedtoariseoutofthemiddle-classandaristocraticinterestinnaturalhistory,expressedattheleveloftheindividualandthenational,regionalorlocallearnedsociety.Thus,countrieslikeBritain,theNetherlandsandGermanyhadwhatwewouldtodaytermnon-governmentalorganizations-intheshapeoftheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,NationalTrustandCountyNaturalists'Trusts(datingbackto1889,1895and1912respectively),NatuurmonumentenzProvincialConservationTrustsforeachDutchprovince,Vogelbeschermingzandsoon-alongtimebeforetherewerenationalparksandnationalnaturereserves.ThisinpartreflectstheabsenceofwildernessareasinheavilycultivatedEurope,aswellasalongstandinginterestinlaissez-fairegovernmentinsomecountries,liketheUK,leavingitasnocoincidencethatJohnMuirztheScottish-bornfounderoftheNationalParkmovement(andhenceofgovernment-sponsoredconservation)didhissterlingworkintheUSA,wherehewasthedrivingforcebehindtheestablishmentofsuchnationalparksasYosemiteandYellowstone.Nowadays,officiallymorethan10percentoftheworldislegallyprotectedinsomewayortheother,and,inpractice,privatefundraisingisinsufficienttopayfortheeffectivemanagementofsomuchlandwithprotectedstatus.E-Protectedareasindevelopingcountries,whereprobablyasmanyas70-80percentofthespeciesoftheworldlive,stillenjoyverylittleeffectivemanagementandprotection.Somecountries,suchasQD国IELTSADVANTAGEMexico,havenon-profitcivilorganizationsandlandownersdedicatedtoprotectingvastprivateproperty,suchasthecaseofHaciendaChichen'sMayaJungleReserveandBirdRefugeinChichenItza,Yucatan.TheAdoptARangerFoundationhascalculatedthatworldwideabout140,000rangersareneededtooverseetheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountries.Thereisnodataonhowmanyrangersareemployedatthemoment,butprobablylessthanhalftheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountrieshaveanyrangersatallandthosethathavethemareatleast50%short.Thismeansthattherewouldbeaworldwiderangerdeficitof105,000rangersinthedevelopingandtransitioncountries.F-AdoptARangerfearsthattherangerdeficitisthegreatestsinglelimitingfactorineffectivelyconservingnaturein75%oftheworld.Currently,noconservationorganizationorwesterncountryorinternationalorganizationaddressesthisproblem.AdoptARangerhasbeenincorporatedtodrawworldwidepublicattentiontothemosturgentproblemthatconservationisfacingindevelopingandtransitioncountries:protectedareaswithoutfieldstaff.Veryspecifically,itwillcontributetosolvingtheproblembyfundraisingtofinancerangersinthefield.Itwillalsohelpgovernmentsindevelopingandtransitioncountriestoassessrealisticstaffingneedsandstaffingstrategies.Others,includingSurvivalInternational,haveadvocatedinsteadforcooperationwithlocaltribalpeoples,whoarenaturalalliesoftheconservationmovementandcanprovidecost-effectiveprotection.G-Thetermsconservationandpreservationarefrequentlyconflatedoutsidetheacademic,scientific,andprofessionalkindsofliterature.TheUSNationalParkServiceoffersthefollowingexplanationoftheimportantwaysinwhichthesetwotermsrepresentverydifferentconceptionsofenvironmentalprotectionethics:Conservationandpreservationarecloselylinkedandmayindeedseemtomeanthesamething.Bothtermsinvolveadegreeofprotection,buthowthatprotectioniscarriedoutisthekeydifference.Conservationisgenerallyassociatedwiththeprotectionofnaturalresources,whilepreservationisassociatedwiththeprotectionofbuildings,objects,andlandscapes.Putsimply,conservationseekstheproperuseofnature,whilepreservationseeksprotectionofnaturefromuse.Duringtheenvironmentalmovementoftheearly20thcenturyztwoopposingfactionsemerged:conservationistsandpreservationists.Conservationistssoughttoregulatehumanusewhilepreservationistssoughttoeliminatehumanimpactaltogether/Adaptedfrom:https:en.wikipedia.orq/Wiki/Conservation(ethic)Questions28-32Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationprovidedinpassage3?TrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthis28. Oneoftheobjectivesofconservationistotackleclimatechange.29. MostoftheearlyconservationworkinBritainwasledbythegovernment.30. Thesedaysthefundingforprotectedareashastocomefromgovernmentsaswellasprivatesources.31. Mostendangeredspeciesliveinthedevelopingworld.32. SurvivalInternationalisfightingtosavetribalpopulations.