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JOURNALOFCAVEANDKARSTSTUDIESSTYLE:AGUIDEFORCONTRIBUTORSMalcolmS.FieldOfficeofResearchandDevelopment,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.20460PreparingapaperforpublicationintheJournalofCaveandKarstStudiesrequiresthattheauthor(s)preparingthemanuscriptconformtotheguidelinessetdownbytheNationalSpeleologicalSociety.ThisdocumentillustratesthebasicmanuscriptformrequiredforconsiderationforpublicationintheJournalofCaveandKarstStudies.JournaltextistypesetusingRomantypeinIheJournalofCaveandKarstStudieswhichrequiresthatjournalnames,suchastheJournalofCaveandKarstStudiesorabiologicalspeciesname,beinitalictype.Forexample,thebiologicalspeciesnamefortheblindcavefish,Amblyopsisrosae,mustappearinitalicformwhentextappearsinRomanformsoastosetoffthescientificnamefromtherestofthetext.INTRODUCTIONTheNationalSpeleologicalSocietyservesthekarstcommunityandsocietyatlargeinseveralways,amongthembypublishingtheJournalofCaveandKarstStudieswhichpresentstheresultsofinvestigations.TheJournalofCaveandKarstStudiesisamultidisciplinaryjournaldevotedtocaveandkarstresearchthatseeksoriginal,unpublishedmanuscriptsconcerningthescientificstudyofcavesand/orkarstfeatures.AuthorsdonotneedtobemembersoftheNationalSpeleologicalSociety(NSS),butpreferenceisgenerallygiventomanuscriptsofimportancetoNorthAmericanspeleology.TheEditoroftheJournalofCaveandKarstStudieshastheresponsibilityformaintainingtheJournalqualityandforreviewingandacceptingpaperssubmittedforpublication.TheseguidelinesderivefromtheJournalEditor,s,AssociateEditors,andAdvisoryBoard,sdefinitionofthestandardsofqualityforscientificresearchanditspublicationintheJournal,andfromthekarstcommunity'sdesireandneedtohaveahigh-qualityjournaldedicatedtokarstscholarship.TheguidelinesthatfollowareintendedtoprovideprospectiveauthorswithclearinstructionsandanexamplefordevelopingmanuscriptssuitableforpublicationintheJournalofCaveandKarstStudies,byensuringpropergrammaticalandaestheticqualityandbyensuringthatthehighestethicalstandardsareadheredtoatalltimes.BASICFORMATOFEVERYPAPEREverypapersubmittedtotheJournalofCaveandKarstStudiesmustfollowthebasicformat.Theacceptedformatisastandardformusedbyallscientificjournals.Toassistauthorswithmanuscriptpreparation,thisMSWordtemplatemaybeused.Althoughsubheadsarenotshown,itisexpectedthatauthorswillclearlydistinguishfirst-,second-,third-,andfourth-levelheadsintheirmanuscriptORDEROFPARTSTheorderofpartsinapaperistitlepage,abstract(exceptincommentsordiscussion,replies,andcorrections),text,notationlist,appendixes,endnotes(ornotes),acknowledgments,references,figurecaptionslist,tables,andfigures.TitlePageAuthorsandCo-Authors,AddressesAbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsandDiscussionSummaryand/orConclusionsNotationsListAcknowledgmentsReferencesAppendicesFigureCaptionsTablesNotallheadingswillbeusedinanygivenmanuscript.Forexample,manuscriptswithnoequationsorveryfewequationswillnotneedaNotationsList.Otherpapersmayhaveheadingnamesdifferentthanthoselisted.Forexample,aMaterialsandMethodsheadingmaybereplacedbyoneormoreappropriatelynamedheadings.NotethattheinterdisciplinarynatureoftheJournalofCaveandKarstStudieswillnecessarilyrequirethattheEditoracceptpapersthatmayvaryconsiderablyfromtheheadingslistedabove.However,thebasicformmustbeadheredtoatalltimes.Belowisabasicscientificstylethatshouldbelooselyfollowed.Itisintendedtobeabasicguidewhilerecognizingthatscientificarticlesoftenrequiresomevariancesfromastandardform.TitlePageManuscriptsshouldbeginwithaconciseinformativetitle.Thetitleshouldthenbefollowedbythename(s)oftheauthor(s),affiliation(s)andaddress(es)oftheauthors,ande-mailaddress,telephone,andfaxnumbersforcommunicatingwiththeauthor(s).AbstractEverypapermustbeprecededbyanabstractofnotmorethan250words.Abstractsshouldconciselysummarizeresearchmethods,results,andconclusions,butnotincludecitationstoreferences.IntroductionTheintroductionshouldconsistofabriefdiscussionofthenatureoftheproblem,relevantliteraturereview,andthepurposeofthepaper.Thelengthandlevelofdetailincludedaresubjecttotheauthor'sdiscretion,butwilllikelydependontheextentoftheproblemandtheauthor,ssenseofhowmuchintroductorymaterialisneededtodefinetheproblem.MaterialsandMethodsMaterialsandmethods,asomewhatgenericheading(authorsmaysubstitutemorespecificheadingnamesasdeemedappropriate),shouldprovidesufficientinformationtoallowreplicationofthestudy,sproceduresandresults.ResultsandDiscussionTheresultsanddiscussionsection(s)mayappeartogetherorasseparateheadings.Theresultssectionshouldfocusspecificallyontheoutcomeofthestudy.Datashouldbepresentedasconciselyaspossible,preferablyintabularformwheneverpossible.Thediscussionshouldbeaninterpretationoftheresultsandtheirsignificance.Appropriatereferencestootherrelevantpublicationsusuallyformanintegralpartofadiscussion.Summaryand/orConclusionsAbriefsummaryofthestudyfindingsoradiscussionoftheconclusionsofthereportedstudyshouldfollowtheresultsanddiscussionsection.AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsshouldbeasbriefaspossible.Grantfundingaspartoftheresearchrequiresacknowledgmentandshouldbementionedwiththenamesoffundingorganizationswritteninfull.Significantsupportfromvariousindividualsandreviewersshouldalsobenoted.ReferencesThelistofreferencesshouldincludeworksthatarecitedinthetext,figuresandtables,captions,andthathavebeenpublishedoracceptedforpublication.Allreferencesmusthavebeenmentionedinacitationandallcitationsmusthaveamatchinglistedreference.Personalcommunicationsshouldbementionedonlyinthetext.Citationsinthetextmustbeidentifiedbythefirstauthor'slastnamefollowedbyacommaandthedateofpublicationenclosedbyparentheses,unlesstheauthor(s)is(are)referredtodirectlyinthetext,inwhichcaseonlythedateOfpublicationshouldappearinparentheses.Forexample,oneauthorwouldappeareitheras(Smith,2002)orSmith(2002);twoauthorswouldappearas(SmithandJones,2000),orSmithandJones(2000);threeormoreauthorswouldappearas(Smithetal.,2004)orSmithetal.(2004).Notethatetal.isnotitalicizedandisfollowedbyacommaonlywhentheentirecitationisenclosedinparentheses.Thelistofreferencesshouldappearattheendofthemanuscriptandbealphabetizedunderthefirstauthor,slastname.Referencesbythesameauthororteamofauthorsshouldbelistedinchronologicalorder.ReferencesshouldfollowthestyleusedbytheGeologicalSocietyofAmerica.GuidelinesforreferenceslistedonGSA,swebsiteareshowninTable1.NotethatthepunctuationshowninTable1mustbeadheredtowhenaddingreferencestoamanuscript.BracketsshownaroundselecteditemsinTable1arenottobeincludedintheactualreferences,exceptforthespecificinstanceinwhichtheterm,abstract,isabbreviatedandappearsinbracketsasabs.Whenavailable,theDigitalObjectIdentifier(DOI)ofthecitedliteratureshouldbeaddedattheendofareference.Notethatforaccessedwebsites,thedatethatthewebsitewasaccessedforthepaperinquestionshouldalsobeincludedinthereference.Referencessuchas'"personalcommunication"or''unpublishedresearch“cannotbepublishedinthereferenceslist,butshouldbecitedwhereappropriateinthetextinparenthesesas(Smith,m.)orSmith(m.).Papersacceptedforpublication,butnotyetbeenpublished,shouldbeincludedinthereferenceslistwiththenameofthejournaland“inpress.”TabIe1.ReqUiredformsforreferencesforJOMEalOfCaVeandKarStSmdieSacceptedmanuscriptsReferenceTypeRequiredFormatAbstractlastname,initials,year,abstracttitle:organizationname,Abstracts,volume,numbera,pages.orlastname,initials,year,abstracttitle,abs.:!publicationname,volume,numbera,pages.Booklastname,initials,year,booktitle:city,publisher,numberofpages.orlastname,initials,year,chaptertitle,inlastname,initials,ed.,booktitle:city,publisher,pages.JournalArticlelastname,initials.,year,articletitle:journaltitle,volume,numberb,pages.Comment,Discussion,Replylastname,initials.,year,commenttitle:Comment,Discussion,orReply:journaltitle,volume,number,pages.Guidebooklastname,initials.,year,guidebooktitle:city,publisher,numberofpages.orlastname,initials.,year,guidebooktitle,inlastname,initials,ed.,fieldtriptitle:city,publisher,pages.InPresslastname,initials.,year,maptitle:journal,book,etc.title,volumebx,(inpress).Maplastname,initials.,year,articletitle:city,publisher,mapnumber,scalex:y,numberofsheets.GovernmentorUniversitySerialPublicationlastname,initials.,year,reporttitle:publisher,reportnumber,numberofpages.orlastname,initials.,year,sectionorchaptertitle,inlastname,initials,ed.,reporttitle:publisher),(reportnumber,numberofpages.Conference,Convention,orSymposiumlastname,initials.!,year,articletitle,inProceedings,!conference,convention,orsymposiumtitle:city,publisher,pages.ProceedingWebSitelastname,(initials.,year,title,additionaldetailsasappropriate,websiteaddress,dateaccessedmonthday,yeard.Thesisandlastname,initials.,year,thesistitle,Ph.D.DissertationorM.S.DiSSenationThesis:city,school,numberOfpages.aIssuenumberisrequiredforthispublication.bIssuenumberisoptionalforthispublication,cIfknown.dThedatethewebsitewasaccessedmustbeincludedwithinbrackets.SomeexamplesofcorrectreferencestylesasdescribedinTable1appearbelow:AbstractExamplesCroskrey,A.,Kambesis,P.,Tobin,B.,Futrell,Downey,K.,Kovarik,J.,Groves,JiangZhoncheng,andJiangGuanghui,2005,GeologicandhydrologicobservationsfromWanhuayanCave,Hunan,Chinaabs.J:JournalofCaveandKarstStudies,v.67,no.3,p.186.NotethatChinesenamesarecommonlyarrangedfamilynamefirst,followedbythegivenname;inthisexample,thefamilynamesoftheChineseauthorsareJiangandJiang.ForreferenceswithChineseauthors,spellouttheentirename.Jenson,J.W.,Mylroie,J.E.,Mylroie,J.R.,andWexel,C.,2002,RevisitingtheCarbonateIslandKarstModel:GeologicalSocietyofAmericaAbstractswithProgram,v.34,no.6,p.226.1.avoie,K.H.,Studier,E.H.,andCauthom,0.F.,2005,Guanoinvertebratecommunitiesinahighlyacidiccaveabs.:JournalofCaveandKarstStudies,v.67,no.3,p.182.White,W.B.,2005,Secondarymineralsinvolcaniccaves:DatafromHawai'iabs.:JournalofCaveandKarstStudies,v.67,no.3,p.189.BookExamplesBgli,A.,1980,Karsthydrologyandphysicalspeleology:Berlin,Springer,284p.Useallcorrectdiacriticalmarksandspecialcharactersfornon-Englishlanguages.Drcybrodt,W.,Gabrovsek,F.,andRomanov,D.,2005,Processesofspeleogenesis:Amodelingapproach:Ljubljana,Slovenia,ZRCPublishing,374p.Useallcorrectdiacriticalmarksandspecialcharactersfornon-Englishlanguages，1Gunn,J.,andHobbs,S.,1999,Limestonequarrying:hydrogeologicalimpacts,consequences,implications,inDrew,D.,andHtzl,H.,eds.,Karsthydrogeologyandhumanactivities:impacts,consequencesandimplications:Brookfield,Vt.,A.A.BalkemaPublishers,p.192-201.Useallcorrectdiacriticalmarksandspecialcharactersfornon-Englishlanguages.JournalExamplesDogan,U.andYe§ilyurt,S.,2004,GypsumkarstsouthofImranli,Sivas,Turkey:CaveandKarstScience,v.31,no.1,p.7-14.Useallcorrectdiacriticalmarksandspecialcharactersfornon-Englishlanguages.Behrens,H.,Beims,U.,Dieter,H.,Dietze,G.,Eikmann,T.,Grumml,T.,Hanisch,H.,Henseling,H.,Kass,W.,Kerndorff,H.,Leibundgut,C.,Miiller-Wegener,U.,Ronnefahrt,I.,Scharenberg,B.,Schleyer,R.,Schloz,W.,andTilkes,F.,2001,Toxicologicalandecotoxicologicalassessmentofwatertracers:HydrogeologyJournal,v.9,p.321-325.1.inYushi,ZhangMeiliang,andQinJiaming,1996,ThedivisionofgeologicageofastalagmiteinPanlongCaveinGuilin:CarsologicaSinica,v.15,no.1-2,p.167-173.NotethatChinesenamesarecommonlyarrangedfamilynamefirst,followedbythegivenname;inthisexample,thefamilynamesoftheChineseauthorsareLin,Zhang,andQin.ForreferenceswithChineseauthors,spellouttheentirename.Pint,J.J.,2006,VUlcanospeleologyinSaudiArabia:ActaCarsologica,v.35,no.1,p.107-119.Comment,Discussion,ReplyExamplesBarton,H.A.,andPace,N.R.,2005,PersistentcoliformcontaminationinLechuguillaCavepools:Discussion:JournalofCaveandKarstStudies,v.67,no.1,p.55-56.Hunter,A.J.,Northup,D.E.,Dahm,C.N,andBoston,P.J.,2005,PersistentcoliformcontaminationinLechuguillaCavepools:Reply:JournalofCaveandKarstStudies,v.67,no.2,p.133-135.GuidebookExampleNardacci,M.,1991,Guidetothecavesandkarstofthenortheast:Huntsville,Ala.,NationalSpeleologicalSociety,5OthAnniversaryNSSConvention,167p.InPressExamplesDobrowski,R.,Bogucki,A.,andZaleski,I.,2005,MorphogenesisofchalkkarstintheVolhyniaElevation(NWUkraine):KrasISpeleologia,v.11(inpress).Dogwiler,T.,andWicks,C.,2006,Thermalvariationsinthehyporheiczoneofakarststream:InternationalJournalofSpeleology,v.35(inpress).GovernmentorUniversitySerialPublicationExamplesDunn,B.1968,NomographsfordeterminingamountofRhodamineBdyefortime-of-travelstudies,inSelectedTechniquesinWaterResourcesInvestigations1966-67.U.S.GeologicalSurveyWaterSupplyPaper1892,p.9-14.Field,M.S.,2002,Alexiconofcaveandkarstterminologywithspecialreferencetoenvironmentalkarsthydrology:U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,EPA600R-02003,214p.ProceedingsfromaSymposiumorConferenceExamplesIncludeyearofconferenceifitdiffersfrompublicationyear.Bakalowicz,M.,2004,Theepikarst,theskinofkarst,inEpikarst,ProceedingsoftheSymposium,Shepherdstown,W.Va.,Oct.2003:Charlestown,W.Va.,KarstWatersInstitute,Inc.,p.16-22.1.ewis,J.J.,andLewis,S.L.,2006,CavefaunalstudyfortheInterstate66E.I.S.(SomersettoLondon,Kentucky),inProceedingsofthe2005NationalCaveandKarstManagementSymposium,17th,Albany,NewYork,Oct.-Nov.2005:GreyhoundPress,p.15-20.Notethatnocityislistedforthispublisherintheoriginalpublication.ThesisandDissertationExamplesPowell,R.L.,1976,SomegeomorphicandhydrologicimplicationsofjointingincarbonatestrataofMississippianageinsouth-centralIndianaIPh.D.thesis:WestLafayette,PurdueUniversity,169p.WebSitesExamplesUSEPA,2002,NationalPrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulations:GroundWaterRule;ProposedRules,FederalRegister,40CFRParts141and142,v.65,n.91,p.30194-30274(May10,2000),accessedMarch8,2004.SUMMARYSPECIFICATIONFORPAPERSSPaCingDoublespaceallcopy,includingthetitlepage,abstract,text,notationlist,appendices,references,figurecaptions,andtablecaptionsbutnottableentries.Triplespacingisacceptablebutunnecessary.Donotusesinglespacingor1.5spacing.MarginSMarginsontheleftshouldbeatleast2.5cm(1in.).Marginsonthetop,right,andbottomshouldalsobeatleast2.5cm(1in.).AnexceptiontothisruleisallowedforwidetablesIhatarenecessarilyincludedinthemanuscript.STATEABBREVIATIONSAbbreviationsforStatenamesshouldfollowstandardformandnotthatoftheU.S.PostalServiceasshowninTable2exceptwhenexplicitlyprovidingapostaladdress.ITALICSInthepaper,stextsections,italicsshouldbeusedonlyforformalpublicationnames(e.g.,JournalofCaveandKarstStudies),forformalbiologicalspeciesnames(e.g.,Euhadenoecusfragilis)yand/orunusualforeignterms.Inthereferencelist,publicationnamesarenotitalicized;italicsareusedforthewordin,beforetheeditor,snameand/ortitleofamultiauthorvolume.Italicsarealsorequiredforabiologicalspeciesnamewhensuchappearsinthereferencelist.Table2.ProperSUitenameabbreviationsandunacceptablePoSta