美国名人 人类学家 玛格丽特·米德.docx

美国名人人类学家玛格丽特米德MargaretMeadInfluencedHowSocialScientistsUnderstoodNativeCulturesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:11repeatByJeriIynWatsonandproducedbyPaulThompson2006-9-2ANNOUNCER:WelcometoPeopleinAmericafromVOASpecialEnglish.Today,SarahLongandRichKleinfeldttellaboutoneofthemostinfluentialsocialscientistsofthelastcenturytheanthropologist,MargaretMead.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PeoplearoundtheworldmournedwhenMargaretMeaddiedinnineteenseventy-eight.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStatesatthetime,JimmyCarter,honoredthesocialscientistwithAmerica'shighestawardforcivilians.AnotherhonorcamefromavillageinNewGuinea.Thepeoplethereplantedacoconuttreeinhermemory.MargaretMeadwouldhavelikedthat.Asayoungwoman,shehadstudiedtheIifeandtraditionsofthevillage.MizMeadreceivedsuchhonorsbecausesheaddedgreatlytopublicknowledgeofculturesandtraditionsindevelopingareas.Manypeopleconsiderherthemostfamoussocial-scienceresearcheroftheTwentiethCentury.Yetsomeexpertssayherresearchwasnotscientific.Theysayshedependedtoomuchonobservationandlocalstories.Theysayshedidnotspendenoughtimeoncomparativestudies.Theybelieveherfameresultedasmuchfromhercolorfulpersonalityasfromherresearch.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadwasoftentheobjectofheateddispute.Shesharedherstrongopinionsaboutsocialissues.Shedenouncedthespreadofnuclearbombs.Shespokeagainstracialinjustice.Shestronglysupportedwomen'srights.Throughoutherlifesheenjoyedtakingarisk.MizMeadbeganherstudiesofculturesinanunusualwayforawomanofhertime.Shechosetoperformherresearchinthedevelopingworld.ShewenttoanislandvillageinthePacificOcean.Shewentalone.Theyearwasnineteentwenty-five.Atthattime,youngAmericanwomendidnottravelfarawayfromhomebythemselves.Theydidnotaskpersonalquestionsofstrangers.Theydidnotobservebirthsanddeathsunlesstheywereinvolvedinmedicalwork.MargaretMeaddidallthosethings.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:MargaretMeadwasborninDecember,nineteen-oh-onezinthecityofPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Herparentswereeducators.Fewwomenattendedcollegeinthosedays.However;MizMeadbeganherstudiesinnineteennineteenatDePauwUniversityinthemiddlewesterntownofGreencastlezIndiana.Shesoondecidedthatlivinginasmalltowndidnotimproveone'smind.SoshemovedtoNewYorkCitytostudyatBarnardCollege.ThereshestudiedEnglishandpsychology.Shegraduatedinnineteentwenty-three.VOICETWO:MargaretnextdecidedtostudyanthropologyatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Shewantedtoexaminetheactivitiesandtraditionsofdifferentsocieties.Shesoughttoaddtoknowledgeofhumancivilization.Atthesametime,shegotmarried.Herhusband,LutherCressmanzplannedtobeaclergyman.TbgetherztheybeganthelifeOfgraduatestudents.VOICEONE:MizMeadstudiedwithtwofamousanthropologists:FranzBoasandRuthBenedict.MisterBoasbelievedthattheenvironmentpeoplegrowupin-notfamilygenes-wasthecauseofmostculturaldifferencesamongpeople.Thisbeliefalsoinfluencedhisyoungstudent.MisterBoaswasnotpleasedwhenMargaretMeadaskedtodoresearchinSamoa.Hewasconcernedforhersafety.StilI,helethergo.FranzBoastoldhertolearnaboutthewaysinwhichtheyoungwomenofSamoawereraised.VOICETWO:Margaret'shusbandwenttoEuropetocontinuehisstudies.Shewent-alone-toSamoa,inthePacificOcean.SheworkedamongthepeopleofTauIsland.Thepeoplespokeadifficultlanguage.Theirlanguagehadneverbeenwritten.Luckily,shelearnedlanguageseasily.VOICEONE:MizMeadinvestigatedthelifeofSamoangirls.Shewasnotmucholderthanthegirlsshequestioned.Shesaidtheirlifewasfreeoftheangerandrebellionfoundamongyoungpeopleinothersocieties.ShealsosaidSamoangirlshadsexualrelationswithanyonetheywanted.Shesaidtheirsocietydidnoturgethemtolovejustoneman.Andshesaidtheirsocietydidnotcondemnsexbeforemarriage.MargaretMeadsaidshereachedthesebeliefsafterninemonthsofobservationonSamoa.TheyhelpedmakeherbookaboutSamoaoneofthebest-sellingbooksofthetime.MizMeadwasjusttwenty-fiveyearsoldwhenthishappened.VOICETWO:Severalsocialscientistslaterdisputedherfindings.Inarecentbook,DerekFreemansaysMizMeadmadeherobservationsfromjustafewtalkswithtwofriendlyyoungwomen.Hesaystheywantedtotellinterestingstoriestoaforeignvisitor.However,hesaystheirstorieswerenotnecessarilytrue.MisterFreemansaysSamoansocietyvaluedayoungwomanwhohadnothadsexualrelations.HesaysTauIslandmenrefusedtomarrywomenwhohadhadsex.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:AfterninemonthsamongtheSamoans,MizMeadreturnedtotheUnitedStates.ShemetapsychologystudentfromNewZealand,ReoFortune,onthelongtriphome.HermarriagetoLutherCressmanended.ShemarriedMisterFortuneinnineteentwenty-seven.MizMeadandhersecondhusbandwenttoNewGuineatoworktogether.Itwouldbethefirstofseventripsthatshewouldmaketotheareainthenextforty-sevenyears.ThetwoobservedthepeopleofManusIsland,oneoftheAdmiraltyIslands,nearmainlandNewGuinea.Theythoughtthepeoplewerepleasant.Afterawhile,though,sheandherhusbandhadnomoretobaccototrade.ThenthepeopleofManusIslandstoppedgivingthemfish.VOICETWO:1.aterthetwostudiedtheMundugumorpeopleofNewGuinea.MizMeadreportedthatboththemenandwomenwereexpectedtobeaggressive.Onlyafewyearsbefore,tribemembershadgivenuphead-hunting.Traditionallytheyhadcutofftheheadsoftheirenemies.Mundugumorparentsalsoseemedtobecrueltotheirchildren.Theycarriedtheirbabiesinstiffbaskets.Theydidnotanswertheneedsofthebabieswhentheycried.Instead,theyhitthebasketswithsticksuntilthebabiesstoppedcrying.VOICEONE:NotlongaftertheNewGuineatripended,MargaretMead'smarriagetoReoFortunealsoended.Innineteenthirty-six,shemarriedforthethirdtime.HernewhusbandwasGregoryBatesonzaBritishbiologist.MisterBatesonandMizMeaddecidedtoworktogetherontheislandofBali,nearJavainIndonesia.ThepeopleofBaliproudlysharedtheirrichcultureandtraditionswiththevisitors.MizMeadobservedandrecordedtheiractivities.MisterBatesontookphotographs.TheBatesonshadadaughter.Theyseemedlikeafineteam.Yettheirmarriageendedinthelatenineteenforties.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Astimewenton,MargaretMead'sfamecontinuedtogrow.Herbookssoldverywell.Shealsowroteforpopularmagazines.Sheappearedonradioandtelevisionprograms.Shespokebeforemanygroups.Americanslovedtohearaboutherworkinfarawayplaces.MizMeadcontinuedtogotothoseplacesandreportaboutthepeoplewholivedthere.VOICEONE:A代erhertrips,MargaretMeadalwaysreturnedtotheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYorkCity.Sheworkedtheremorethanfiftyyears.Sheexaminedtheresearchofothers.Sheguidedandadvisedanumberofanthropologystudents.MizMeadworkedinanofficefilledwithceremonialbasketsandotherobjectsfromherstudiesandtravels.Peoplesaidsheruledthemuseumlikeaqueen.TheysaidMargaretMeadknewwhatshewantedfromtheworkofothersandknewhowtogetit.VOICETWO:Otherscientistspaidherahighhonorwhenshewasseventy-twoyearsold.TheyelectedherpresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Afewyearslater,shedevelopedcancer.Butshecontinuedtotravel,speakandstudyalmosttotheendofherlife.Onefriendsaid:"MargaretMeadwasnotgoingtoletalittlethinglikedeathstopher."MargaretMeaddiedmorethantwentyyearsago.Yetpeoplecontinuetodiscussanddebateherstudiesofpeopleandculturesaroundtheworld.(MUSIC)ANNOUNCER:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJerilynWatsonandproducedbyPaulThompson.TheannouncerswereSarahLongandRichKleinfeldt.mFaithLapidus.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmerica,fromVOASpecialEnglish.