美国名人 作家 威廉·福克纳 （2）.docx

美国名人作家威廉福克纳（2）WilliamFaulkner,Part2playstopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:46repeatByCynthiaKirk2004-12-11(THEME)VOICEONE:mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Today,wefinishthestoryofthewriterWilliamFaulkner.HecreatedanareaandfilleditwithpeopleoftheAmericanSouth.(THEME)VOICEONE:Innineteen-forty-fivezallseventeenbooksWilliamFaulknerhadwrittenbythenwerenotbeingpublished.Someofthemcouldnotbefoundeveninstoresthatsoldusedbooks.ThecriticMalcolmCowleysays,Faulkner's"earlynovelshadbeenpraisedtoomuch,usuallyforthewrongreasons.Hislaterandinmanywaysbetternovelshadbeencriticizedorsimplynotread."Eventhosewholikedhisbookswerenotalwayssurewhathewastryingtosay.Faulknerneverexplained.Andhedidnotgiveinformationabouthimself.Hedidnotevencorrectthemistakesothersmadewhentheywroteabouthim.Hedidnotcarehowhisnamewasspelled:withorwithouta"u."Hesaideitherwaywasallrightwithhim.Oncehefinishedabookhewasnotconcernedabouthowitwaspresentedtothepublic.Sometimeshedidnotevenkeepacopyofhisbook.Hesaid,"IthinkIhavewrittenalotandsentitofftobeprintedbeforeIrealizedstrangersmightreadit."VOICETWO:Innineteen-fort-sixzMalcolmCowleycollectedsomeofFaulkner'swritingsandwroteareportabouthim.ThecollectionattemptedtoshowwhatFaulknerwastryingtodo,andhoweachdifferentbookwaspartofaunifiedeffort.CowleyagreedthatFaulknerwasanunevenwriter.Yetzhesaid,theunevennessshowsthatFaulknerwaswillingtotakerisks,toexplorenewmaterial,andnewwaystotalkaboutit.Innineteen-twenty-nine,inhisnovel"Sartoris,"Faulknerpresentedalmostalltheideashedevelopedduringtherestofhislife.Soonafter,hepublishedthebookhelikedbest,"TheSoundandtheFury."Itwasfinishedbefore"Sartoris,"butdidnotappearuntilsixmonthslater.VOICEONE:Intalkingabout"TheSoundandtheFury/'Faulknersaidhesawinhismindadirtylittlegirlplayinginfrontofherhouse.Fromthissmallbeginning,FaulknerdevelopedastoryabouttheCompsonfamily,toldinfourdifferentvoices.Threeofthevoicesarebrothers:Benjy,whoismentallysick;Quentin,whokillshimself,andJason,abusinessfailure.Eachofthemfordifferentreasonsmournsthelossoftheirsister,Caddie.Eachhasadifferentpieceofthestory.Itisastoryofsadnessandloss,ofthefailureofanoldSouthernfamilytowhichthebrothersbelong.Italsodescribestheprivateideasofthebrothers.Todothis,Faulknerinventsadifferentwayofwritingforeachofthem.Onlythelastpartofthenovelistoldinthenormalway.Theotherthreepartsmoveforwardandbackthroughtimeandspace.VOICETWO:ThestoryalsoshowshowtheCompsonfamilyseemstocooperateinitsfailure.Indoingsothefamilydestroyswhatitwantstosave.Quentin,in"TheSoundandtheFuryz"triestopressurehissistertosaythatsheispregnantbyhim.HefindsitbettertosaythatabrotherandsisterhadsextogetherthantoadmitthatshehadsexwithoneofthecommontownboysofJefferson.Anotherbrother,Jason,accusesothersofstealinghismoneyandcausinghisbusinesstofail.Atthesametime,heisstealingfromthedaughterofhissister.MissusCompson,themotherinthefamily,saysofGod'sactions:"Itcan'tbesimplytohurtme.WhoeverGodis,hewouldnotpermitthat.malady."VOICEONE:SomeofthepeopleFaulknercreates,likeReverendHightowerin"LightinAugust,"livesomuchinthepastthattheyareunabletofacethepresent.Othersseemtorunfromonedangertoanother,likeyoungBayardSartoris,seekinghisowndestruction.Thesepeopleexist,Faulknersays,"inthatdreamstateinwhichyourunwithoutmovingfromaterrorinwhichyoucannotbelieve,towardasafetyinwhichyouhavenobelief."AsMalcolmCowleyshows,allofFaulkner'speople,blackorwhite,actinasimilarway.Theydigforgoldaftertheyhavelosthopeoffindingit-likeHenryArmstidinthenovelz"TheHamlet."TheybattleandsurviveaMississippifloodfortherewardofreturningtostateprison-asthetallmandidinthestory"OldMan."Theyturnandfacedeathatthehandsofamob-likeJoeChristmasdoesinthenovel,"LightinAugust."Theyactasiftheywillsucceedwhentheyknowtheywillfail.(Music)VOICETWO:Faulkner'snextbook,"AsILayDying/'waspublishedinnineteen-thirty.Itissimilarto"TheSoundandtheFury"inthewayitiswrittenandinthewayitdealswithloss.AgainFaulknerusesaseriesofdifferentvoicestotellhisstory.Thelossthistimeisthedeathofthefamily'smother.ThefamilycarriesthebodythroughfloodandfireinanefforttogetherbodytoJeffersontobeburied.Neither"AsILayDying"nor"TheSoundandtheFury"wasagreatsuccess.Faulknerdidnotearnmuchmoneyfromthem.HewasaddingtohisearningsbysellingshortstoriesandbyworkingfromtimetotimeonmoviesinHollywood.Thentoearnmoremoneyhewroteabookfullofsexandviolence.Hecalledit"Sanctuary."Whenthebookwasreadytobepublished,FaulknerwenttoNewYorkandcompletelyrewroteit.Thechangesweremadeafteritwasprinted.SoFaulknerhadtopayforthemhimself.VOICEONE:Themainpersonin"Sanctuary"isamancalledPopeye.Heisakindofmechanicalman,aman,Faulknersayszwithouthumaneyes.Faulknersaysheisapersonwiththedepthofpressedmetal.ForFaulkner;Popeyerepresentseverythingthatiswrongwithmodernsocietyanditsconcernwitheconomiccapitalism.Popeyeisacriminal,amanwho"mademoneyandhadnothinghecoulddowithit,spenditfor."Heknowsthatalcoholwillkillhimlikepoison.Hehasnofriends.Hehasneverknownawoman.InlaterbooksheappearsasamemberoftheSnopesfamily.TheSnopesareagroupofkillersandbarnburners.Theyfearnothing,exceptnature.Theylovenoone,exceptthemselves.Theycheateveryone,eventhedevil.Theyliveinaprivatelandwithoutmorals.YetFlemSnopesendsasthepresidentofthebankinJefferson.1.ikePopeye,theygaintheownershipanduseofthings,buttheyneverreallyhavethem.FlemSnopesmarriesintoapowerfulfamilybuthiswifedoesnotevenhaveanameforhim.Shecallshim"thatman."Faulknersaysthatnothingcanbehadwithoutlove.Loveistheoppositeofthedesireforpower.ApersoninoneofFaulkner'sstoriessays,"Godcreatedman,andhecreatedtheworldforhimtolivein.AndHecreatedthekindofworldhewouldhavewantedtoliveinifhehadbeenaman.Il(MUSIC)VOICETWO:"LightinAugust"startswiththesearchbyawoman,LenaGrove,forthemanwhopromisedtomarryher.Thestoryisalsoabouttwopeoplewhodonotfitwithotherpeople.TheyareablackmannamedJoeChristmas,andaformerministerJohnHightower,whohaslosthisbeliefinGod.Faulknertiesthethreelevelsofindividualpsychology,socialhistory,andtragedyintoawhole.Innineteen-thirty-six,Faulknerfollowed"LightinAugust"with"Absalom,Absalom."Manyconsiderthishisbestnovel.ItisthestoryofJosephSutpen,whowantstostartafamousSouthernfamilyafterAmerica'sCivilWar.Itistoldbyfourspeakers,eachtryingtodiscoverwhatthestorymeans.Thereaderseeshowthestorychangeswitheachtelling,andthatthe"meanings"arecreatedbyindividuals.Hefindsthatcreatingstoriesisthewayahumanbeingfindsmeaning.Thus,"Absalom,Absalom"isalsoaboutitself,asaworkofthemindofman.VOICEONE:Faulkner'sgreatwritingdayswereoverbytheendofWorldWarTwo.Neartheendofhislife,Faulknerreceivedmanyhonorsforhiswriting.Thelast,andbesthonor,wastheNobelPrizeforLiteratureinnineteen-fifty.Inaspeechacceptingtheaward,Faulknerspoketoyoungwriters.Itwasatimeofgreatfearsabouttheatomicbomb.Faulknersaidthatherefusedtoaccepttheendofthehumanrace.Hesaidhebelievedthatmanwillnotonlysurvive,hewillrule."Manisimmortal/'hesaid,"becausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassion,sacrificeandendurance.Thewriter'sdutyistowriteaboutthesethings.',WilliamFaulknerdiedofaheartattackinnineteen-sixty-two.Hewassixty-fiveyearsold.(THEME)VOICETWO:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyRichardThormanandproducedbyLawanDavis.mSteveEmber.VOICEONE:AndmFaithLapidus.JoinusagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.(THEME)