美国名人 军事家 道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟.docx

美国名人军事家道格拉斯麦克阿瑟DouglasMacArthur:BorntoBeaSoldierplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:58repeatByPaulThompson2005-7-23(MUSIC)ANNCR:Now,theVOASpecialEnglishprogramPEOPLEINAMERICA.TodayRichKleinfeldtandSarahLongtellaboutoneofthemostunusualandsuccessfulAmericanmilitaryleaders,GeneralDouglasMacArthur.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:GeneralDouglasMacArthurwasamostunusualman.Hewasextremelyintelligentandverydemanding.Heexpectedhisorderstobefollowedexactly.Yethehadproblemsallhislifefollowingtheordersofthosewhowerehiscommanders.DouglasMacArthurwasveryintelligentandcouldrememberthingsthatotherswouldeasilyforget.Hecoulddesignbattleplansthatlefttheenemynochoiceotherthansurrenderanddefeat.Hisbattleplansdefeatedtheenemyandsavedasmanyofhisownmenaspossible.Atothertimes,hewouldmakesimplemistakesthatmadehimappearstupid.Heoftensaidthingsthatshowedhefeltimportant.Manypeoplemadejokesabouthim.Someofhissoldierssangsongsthatmadefunofhim.OthersbelievedhewasthebestgeneralevertoserveintheUnitedStatesmilitary.GeneralDouglasMacArthurwasextremelybraveinbattle,sometimesalmostfoolish.Itoftenseemedasifhebelievedhecouldnotbekilled.HewoneverymedalandhonortheUnitedStatescangiveasoldier.However;attheendofhislife,herejectedwarandwarnedAmericanpoliticalleaderstostayawayfromarmedconflict.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:DouglasMacArthurwasborntobeasoldier.Hisfather;ArthurMacArthur,wasaherooftheAmericanCivilWarandcontinuedtoserveinthearmyafterthewarendedineighteensixty-five.Hebecamethetopofficerofthearmyinnineteen-oh-six.DouglaswasbornonanArmybasenearthesoutherncityofLittleRock,ArkansasinJanuary,eighteeneighty.Hegrewuponarmybaseswherehisfatherserved.HesaidthefirstsoundshecouldrememberasachildwerethoseoftheArmy:thesoundsofhorns,drumsandsoldiersmarching.VOICEONE:TherewasneveranyquestionaboutwhatDouglasMacArthurwoulddowithhislife.Hewouldjointhearmy.HewantedtoentertheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyatWestPoint,NewYork.TheAcademyisauniversitythattrainsofficersfortheUnitedStatesArmy.SchoolOffiCiaISrejectedhimtwotimesbeforehewasaccepted.HefinishedhisfouryearsatWestPointasthebeststudentinhisclass.VOICETWO:DouglasMacArthurbeganhisserviceintheArmybytravelingtoseveralAsiancountriesincludingJapan,andtothePhilippines,thenanAmericanterritory.HealsoservedatseveralsmallbasesintheUnitedStates.HebecameacolonelwhenWorldWarOnebegan.Heledtroopsonverydangerousattacksagainsttheenemy.Hewonmanyhonorsforhisbraveryandleadership.Afterthatwar;heservedasheadoftheWestPointMilitaryAcademy.Hebecameageneral.Duringthenineteenthirties,PresidentHerbertHooverappointedhimChiefofStaffoftheArmyzoneofthemostimportantjobsintheAmericanmilitary.Innineteen-thirty-five,GeneralMacArthurwasappointedmilitaryadvisortothePhilippines.HewastohelpthegovernmentbuildanarmyfordefensepurposesasthePhilippinesbeganplanningforindependence.Hehadretiredfromthearmy.HewasthechiefmilitaryadvisortothePhilippinemilitaryforceswhentheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarTwoinDecember,nineteenforty-one.VOICEONE:JapaneseaggressioninthePacificdevelopedveryquickly.JapanesetroopsbeganarrivinginthePhilippinesonDecembereleventh,nineteenforty-one.Thefightingwasextremelyfierce.TheJapaneseweredefeatingthePhilippineandAmericanforces.GeneralMacArthurhadbeenrecalledtoactivedutybyPresident.PresidentRooseveltorderedMacArthurtoleavethePhilippinestocommandAmericanforcesintheSouthPacific.GeneralMacArthurfinallyagreedtoleaveforAustraliabeforethePhilippinessurrenderedtoJapan.ButhemadeapromisetothePhilippinepeople.Hesaid,"Ishallreturn."VOICETWO:MilitaryhistoryexpertscontinuetostudyGeneralMacArthur'sdecisionsduringWorldWarTwo.HewonbattleafterbattleintheSouthPacificarea.Often,hewouldpassislandswithstrongenemyforces,cutofftheirsuppliesandleavethemwithnochancetofight.Innineteenforty-four,hereturnedtothePhilippineswithanarmythatdefeatedtheJapanese.VOICEONE:MacArthurwaschosentoaccepttheJapanesesurrenderinSeptember,nineteenforty-five.HewasappointedSupremeCommanderoftheAlliedPowers,theleaderoftheoccupationforcesthatwouldruleJapan.AsanAmericansoldier;hehadtofollowtheordersofthegovernmentinWashington.ButinJapan,GeneralMacArthurruledlikeadictator.VOICETWO:TheJapaneseexpectedseverepunishment.TheysawMacArthurasaveryconservativerulerwhowouldmakeJapansuffer.MacArthurdidchargesomeJapaneseleaderswithwarcrimes.ButhedidnottrytopunishtheJapanesepeople.GeneralMacArthurtoldtheJapanesetheymustchange,bothpoliticallyandsocially.Hebeganwitheducation.Beforethewar,femalechildreninJapanreceivedlittleifanyeducation.MacArthursaideducationwouldbeforeveryone,includinggirlsandwomen.Hesaidwomenmusthavetherighttovoteinelections,andbepermittedtoholdpoliticaloffice.HesaidJapanesewomenwouldnowhavethesamelegalrightsasmen.Andhesaidthateverypersonhadthesamelegalprotectionunderthelaw.VOICEONE:GeneralMacArthurtoldtheJapanesepeopletheywerenowfreetoformpoliticalparties.Andheendedtheideaofanofficialgovernmentreligion.Religionwouldbeamatterofindividualchoice.HealsosaidtheJapanesegovernmentwouldnolongerbecontrolledbyafewpowerfulpeople.MacArthurtoldJapanitwouldnowberuledbyaparliamentthatwasfreelyelectedbythepeople.HehelpedthepeopleofJapanwriteanewconstitutionforademocraticformofgovernment.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:OnJunetwenty-fifth,nineteenfifty,NorthKoreantroopsinvadedSouthKorea.Withintwodays,theUnitedStatesdecidedtosendarmedforcestoaidSouthKorea.DouglasMacArthurwasappointedcommanderoftheUnitedNationsforcesinSouthKorea.Astheweekspassed,theNorthKoreanarmyforcedtheSouthKoreanArmyanditsalliestoretreattothesoutherncityofPusan.ManymilitaryexpertssaidSouthKoreawaslost.GeneralMacArthurdidnotagree.Hewantedtoattackfromthesea,deepbehindtheenemytroopsatthecityofInchon.MacArthursaidtheenemywouldnotbeprepared.Mostothermilitaryleadersbelievedthiswouldbeextremelydangerous.AmericanMarinesdidattackInchonSeptemberfifteenth.Itwasacompletesuccess.MacArthurhadbeenright.VOICEONE:GeneralMacArthuroftendisagreedwithpoliticalleaders.PresidentTrumanwarnedhimseveraltimesnottodisagreewithgovernmentpolicy.GeneralMacArthurcontinuedtodisagreeandtoldreporterswhenhedid.Heoftengaveordersthatwerenotapprovedbythepresident.MacArthurcalledforatotalvictoryinKorea.HewantedtodefeatcommunisminEastAsia.HewantedtobombChinesebasesinManchuriaandblockChineseports.PresidentTrumanandhismilitaryadviserswereconcernedWorldWarThreewouldstart.InApril,nineteenfifty-onezPresidentTrumanreplacedMacArthurasheadoftheU.N.forcesinKorea.DouglasMacArthurwenthometotheUnitedStates.Itwasthefirsttimehehadbeenthereinmorethanfifteenyears.Hewashonoredasareturninghero.HewasinvitedtospeakbeforeCongress.TherewasahugeparadetohonorhiminNewYorkCity.VOICETWO:GeneralMacArthurretiredagain.Somepoliticalleaderswantedhimtocompeteforsomepoliticaloffice,perhapsforpresident.Instead,helivedaquietlifewithhiswifeandson.Hediedattheageofeighty-fouronAprilfifth,nineteensixty-four.Today,manyAmericanshaveforgottenDouglasMacArthur.However,thepeopleofthePhilippinesbuiltastatuetohonorhimforkeepinghispromisetoreturn.And,manyJapanesevisitorsgotoGeneralMacArthur'sburialplaceinNorfolk,VirginiatorememberwhathedidforJapan.(MUSIC)ANNCR:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyPaulThompson.YournarratorswereRichKleinfeldtandSarahLong.mShirleyGriffith.ListenagainnextweekforanotherPEOPLEINAMERICAprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.