美国名人 摄影家 玛格丽特·伯克·怀特 2.docx

美国名人摄影家玛格丽特伯克怀特2PhotographerMargaretBourke-WhiteHelpedCreatetheModernArtofPhotojournalismplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:59repeatByShelleyGollust2006-5-20(THEME)VOICEONE:mBarbaraKlein.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywecompleteourreportaboutphotographerMargaretBourke-White.Shehelpedcreatethemodernartofphotojournalism.(THEME)VOICEONE:MargaretBourke-Whitebeganhercareerasanindustrialphotographerintheearlynineteenthirties.Herpicturescapturedthebeautyandpowerofmachines.Theytoldastory-oneimageatatime.Thetechniquebecameknowasthephotographicessay.Innineteenthirty-six,AmericanpublisherHenryLucestartedanewmagazine,calledLife,basedonthephotographicessay.Inthismagazine,thepicturestoldthestory.Bourke-WhitehadworkedasaphotographerforoneofLuce'sothermagazines,calledFortune.Lucechosehertoworkonhisnewmagazine.VOICETWO:MargaretBourke-WhitetookthepicturethatappearedonthefirstcoverofLifemagazine.ItwasapictureofanewdambeingbuiltinthewesternstateofMontana.Thelightontheroundedsupportsshowedthedam'sgreatstrength.Thesmallshapesoftwomenatthebottomshowedthedam'shugesize.Bourke-Whitewasnolongersatisfiedjusttoshowtheproductsofindustryinherpictures,asshehadinthepast.Shewantedtotellthestoryofthepeoplebehindtheindustry:Inthiscase,thepeoplewhowerebuildingthedam.VOICEONE:ThedaminMontanawasafederalproject.Tenthousandpeopleworkedonit.Bourke-Whitetookpicturesofthosepeople-atthedam,intheroomswheretheylived,andintheplaceswheretheyhadfun.WithherpicturesinLifemagazine,shetoldastoryaboutAmerica's"WildWest"inthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:MargaretBourke-Whitewasasocialactivist.ShewasamemberoftheAmericanArtistsCongress.Theseartistssupportedstatefinancialaidforthearts.TheyfoughtdiscriminationagainstAfrican-Americanartists.AndtheysupportedartistsfightingagainstfascisminEurope.Inthenineteenthirties,Bourke-WhitemettheAmericanwriterErskineCaldwell.CaldwellwasknownforhisstoriesaboutpeopleintheAmericanSouth.ThephotographerandthewriterdecidedtoproduceabooktotellAmericansaboutsomeofthosepoorcountrypeopleoftheSouth.Theytraveledthrougheightstates,fromSouthCarolinatoLouisiana.Theirbook,"YouHaveSeenTheirFaces,"waspublishedinnineteenthirty-seven.Itwasagreatsuccess.Caldwell'swordswerebeautiful.ButBourke-White'spicturescouldhavetoldthestorybythemselves.TheyshowedthefacesofpeopleinalandthatstillworethemaskofdefeatinAmerica'sCivilWar.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Innineteenthirty-eight,somecountriesinEuropewereclosetowar.Bourke-WhiteandCaldwellwenttheretoreportontheseevents.Theyproducedanotherbooktogether;thistimeaboutCzechoslovakia.Itwascalled"NorthoftheDanube."ThenextyearMargaretBourke-WhiteandErskineCaldwellweremarried.Theycontinuedtoworktogether.Bythespringofnineteenforty-one,Europehadbeenatwarforayearandahalf.Bourke-WhiteandCaldwellwenttotheSovietUnion.Theyweretheonlyforeignreportersthere.Forsixweeks,Bourke-WhitetookpicturesoftheSovietpeoplepreparingforwar.Then,onenightinJuly,SovietofficialsannouncedthatGermanbomberplaneswereflyingtowardMoscow.Nocivilianswerepermittedtostayabovegroundbecauseofthecomingattacks.VOICETWO:Asotherswerehurryingtosafety,Bourke-Whiteplacedseveralcamerasinthewindowofherhotelroom.Shesetthecamerassotheywouldremainopentothelightofthenightsky.Thenshejoinedtheothersinroomsunderthehotel.Whileshewaitedforthebombingattacktoend,hercamerasrecordedtheexplosions,whichlituptherooftopsofthecity.Beforeleavingthecountry,Bourke-WhitereceivedpermissiontomeetwithSovietleaderJosephStalin.ShereturnedhomewithhispictureandaseriesofotherphotographicessaysforLifemagazine.ShealsohadenoughmaterialforabookonthewarintheSovietUnion.MargaretBourke-White'smarriagetoErskineCaldwellendedindivorceinnineteenforty-two.VOICEONE:DuringWorldWarTwo,shebecameanofficialphotographerwiththeUnitedStatesArmy.HerphotographsweretobeusedjointlybythemilitaryandbyLifemagazine.ShewasthefirstwomantobepermittedtoworkincombatareasduringWorldWarTwo.Bourke-WhiteflewwithAmericanbomberplanesinEnglandastheypreparedtoattackenemytargetsontheEuropeancontinent.ShewantedtoflywiththeArmytoNorthAfrica,wheretheallieswerefightingGermantroopsinthedesert.Butthecommandinggeneraltoldheritwouldbetoodangerous.SoshesailedforNorthAfricainstead.BeforeshereachedtheAfricancoast,enemybombshittheshipandsankit.AnalliedwarshiprescuedBourke-WhiteandtheothersurvivorsandtookthemtoAlgeria.VOICETWO:TheincidentdidnotstopBourke-Whitefromreportingonthewar.SheflewinanalliedbombingattackonaGermanairfieldatElAouinainTunisia.SheflewovertheterriblefightingintheCassinoValleyinItaly.AndshemovedalongtheRhineRiverwiththeUnitedStatesThirdArmy,underthecommandofGeneralGeorgePatton.Attheendofthewar;shewaswithAmericantroopswhentheyenteredandfreedseveralNazideathcamps.ShetookphotographsoftheprisonersintheBuchenwalddeathcampinGermanyinnineteenforty-five.1.ater;shewroteaboutthewar.Shesaidshesometimespulledanimaginaryclothacrosshereyesassheworked.Inthedeathcamps,shesaidztheclothwassothickthatshedidnotreallyknowwhatshewasphotographinguntilshesawthefinishedpictures.InadditiontoherstoriesforLifemagazine,Bourke-WhitepublishedbooksonthealliedcampaigninItalyandonthefallofNaziGermany.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Afterthewar,LifemagazinesentMargaretBourke-WhitetoIndia.ShestayedforthreeyearsasIndiapreparedforitsindependencefromBritain.ShephotographedthebattlesbetweenMuslimsandHindus.AndshemetwiththeleaderofIndia'snon-violentcampaignforindependence,MohandasGandhi.Shemadeafamousphotographofhimcalled"GandhiatHisSpinningWheel."ShewasthelastpersontophotographGandhibeforehewasmurderedinnineteenforty-eight.VOICETWO:Afterthat,Bourke-WhitetraveledtoSouthAfrica.Herjobwastotellthestoryoftheblackpeoplewhoworkedinthecountry'sgoldmines.Togetthepicturesshewanted,shefollowedtheworkersdeepintotheminetunnels.Intheearlynineteenfifties,shewenttoKoreatophotographtheeffectsofwarontheKoreanpeople.ShetookafamousphotographofareturningsoldierreunitedwithhismotherinSouthKoreainnineteenfifty-two.ThemotherhadbelievedthathersonhadbeenkilledseveralmonthsearlierintheKoreanWar.VOICEONE:MargaretBourke-Whitetriedtomakeherpicturesperfect.Often,shewasnotsatisfiedwithwhatshehaddone.Shewouldlookatherpicturesandseesomethingshehadfailedtodo,orsomethingshehadnotdoneright.Reachingperfectionwasnoteasy.Manythingsgotinthewayofherwork.Shesaid:"Thereisonlyonemomentwhenapictureisthere.Andamomentlater;itisgoneforever.Mymemoryisfullofthosepicturesthatwerelost."(MUSIC)VOICETWO:MoreofMargaretBourke-White'sbeautifulpicturesweretobelost,soonerthananyoneexpected.Inthemiddlenineteenfifties,shebegantosufferfromtheeffectsofParkinson'sdisease.Herhandsshooksobadlythatshecouldnotholdacamera.Shewroteabookaboutherlife,called"PortraitofMyself."And,eventhoughshewasunabletotakephotographs,shecontinuedtoworkforLifemagazineuntilnineteensixty-nine.Shediedinnineteenseventy-oneattheageofsixty-seven.MargaretBourke-Whitewasawomandoingwhathadbeenaman'sjob.Herworktookheraroundtheworld,fromfactoriestobattlefields.Herlifewasfullofadventure.Shewasoneofthemostimportantphotographersofthetwentiethcentury.(THEME)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyShelleyGollust.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mBarbaraKlein.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.