美国名人 女权运动家和社会改革家 贝蒂·弗里丹.docx

美国名人女权运动家和社会改革家贝蒂弗里丹BettyFriedan:HowSheWasaLeaderintheModernWomen'sRightsMovementintheU.S.playstopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:25repeatByJerilynWatson2006-7-29VOICEONE:mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutBettyFriedan.Shewasapowerfulactivistfortherightsofwomen.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:BettyFriedanisoftencalledthemotherofthemodernwomen'sliberationmovement.Herfamousbook,"TheFeminineMystique/'changedAmerica.Somepeoplesayitchangedtheworld.Ithasbeencalledoneofthemostinfluentialnonfictionbooksofthetwentiethcentury.Friedanre-awakenedthefeministmovementintheUnitedStates.Thatmovementhadhelpedwomengaintherighttovoteinthenineteentwenties.Modernfeministsdisagreeabouthowtodescribethemselvesandtheirmovement.Butactivistssaymenandwomenshouldhaveequalchancesforeconomic,socialandintellectualsatisfactioninlife.VOICETWO:Fiftyyearsago,lifeforwomenintheUnitedStateswasverydifferentfromtoday.Veryfewparentsurgedtheirdaughterstobecomelawyersordoctorsorprofessors.Femaleworkersdoingthesamejobsasmenearnedmuchlessmoney.Womenoftenlosttheirjobswhentheyhadababy.Therewerefewchildcarecentersforworkingparents.BettyFriedanoncespoketoABCtelevisionabouthersupportforsharingresponsibilityforthecareofchildren:"Ifchild-rearingwasconsideredtheresponsibilityofwomenandmenorwomenandmenandsociety,thenwereallycouldpullupourskirtsanddeclarevictoryandmoveon."(MUSIC)VOICEONE:BettyFriedanwasbornBettyGoldsteininnineteentwenty-oneinPeoria,Illinois.Herimmigrantfatherworkedasajeweler.Hermotherleftherjobwithalocalnewspapertostayhomewithherfamily.BettyattendedSmithCollegeinNorthhamptonzMassachusetts.Itwasoneofthecountry'sbestcollegesforwomen.Shefinishedherstudiesinpsychologyinnineteenforty-two.AftercollegesheattendedtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleytocontinueherstudies.Butherboyfriendatthetimedidnotwanthertogetanadvanceddegreeinpsychology.Heapparentlyfeltthreatenedbyhersuccess.SoBettyleftCaliforniaandherboyfriend.ShemovedtoNewYorkCityandworkedasareporterandeditorforlaborunionnewspapers.Innineteenforty-seven,BettyGoldsteinmarriedCarlFriedanzatheaterdirectorwholaterbecameanadvertisingexecutive.Theyhadachild,thefirstofthree.TheFriedansweretoremainmarrieduntilnineteensixty-nine.VOICETWO:WhenBettyFriedanbecamepregnantforthesecondtime,shewasdismissedfromherjobatthenewspaper.Afterthatsheworkedasanindependentreporterformagazines.Buthereditorsoftenrejectedherattemptstowriteaboutsubjectsoutsidethetraditionalinterestsofwomen.Innineteenfifty-seven,Friedanstartedresearchthatwastohavefar-reachingresults.HerclassatSmithCollegewastogatherforthefifteenthanniversaryoftheirgraduation.Friedanpreparedanopinionstudyforthewomen.Shesentquestionstothewomenabouttheirlives.Mostwhotookpartinthestudydidnotworkoutsidetheirhomes.Friedanwasnotcompletelysatisfiedwithherlife.Shethoughtthatherformercollegeclassmatesmightalsobedissatisfied.Shewasright.Friedanthoughttheseintelligentwomencouldgivealottosocietyiftheyhadanotheridentitybesidesbeinghomemakers.VOICEONE:Friedancompletedmorestudies.Shetalkedtootherwomenacrossthecountry.Shemetwithexpertsaboutthequestionsandanswers.Shecombinedthisresearchwithobservationsandexamplesfromherownlife.Theresultwasherbook,"TheFeminineMystique,"publishedinnineteensixty-three.Thebookattackedthepopularideaofthetimethatwomencouldonlyfindsatisfactionthroughbeingmarried,havingchildrenandtakingcareoftheirhome.Friedanbelievedthatwomenwantedmorefromlifethanjusttopleasetheirhusbandsandchildren.Thebooksaidwomensufferedfromfeelingsoflackofworth.Friedansaidthiswasbecausethewomendependedontheirhusbandsforeconomic,emotionalandintellectualsupport.VOICETWO:"TheFeminineMystique"wasahugesuccess.Ithassoldmorethanthreemillioncopies.Itwasreprintedinanumberofotherlanguages.ThebookhelpedchangethelivesofwomeninAmerica.Morewomenbeganworkingoutsidethehome.Morewomenalsobeganstudyingtraditionallymalesubjectslikelaw,medicineandengineering.BettyFriedanexpressedthedissatisfactionofsomeAmericanwomenduringthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury.Butshealsomademanymenfeelthreatened.Later;criticssaidherbookonlydealtwiththeproblemsofwhite,educated,wealthy,marriedwomen.Itdidnotstudytheproblemsofpoorwhitewomen,singlewomenorminorities.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Innineteensixty-six,BettyFriedanhelpedestablishNoWtheNationalOrganizationforWomen.Sheservedasitsfirstpresident.Sheledcampaignstoendunfairtreatmentofwomenseekingjobs.Friedanalsoworkedonotherissues.Shewantedwomentohavethechoicetoendtheirpregnancies.Shewantedtocreatechild-carecentersforworkingparents.Shewantedwomentotakepartinsocialandpoliticalchange.BettyFriedanoncespokeabouthergreathopesforwomeninthenineteenseventies:"Liberatingourselves,wewillthenbecomeamajorpoliticalforce,perhapsthebiggestpoliticalforceforbasicsocialandpoliticalchangeinAmericaintheseventies."VOICETWO:BettyFriedanledahugedemonstrationinNewYorkCityforwomen'srights.Demonstrationswerealsoheldinothercities.Ahalf-millionwomentookpartintheWomen'sStrikeforEqualityonAugusttwenty-sixth,nineteenseventy.ThedaymarkedthefiftiethanniversaryofAmericanwomengainingtherighttovote.Ayearafterthemarch,FriedanhelpedestablishtheNationalWomen'sPoliticalCaucus.Shesaidthegroupgotstarted"tomakepolicy,notcoffee."ShesaidAmericaneededmorewomeninpublicofficeifwomenweretogainequaltreatment.VOICEONE:Friedanwantedanationalguaranteeofthatequaltreatment.SheworkedtirelesslytogetCongressandthestatestoapproveanamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionthatwouldprovideequalrightsforwomen.TheHouseofRepresentativesapprovedthisEqualRightsAmendmentinnineteenseventy-one.TheSenateapproveditthefollowingyear.Thirty-eightofthefiftystatelegislatureswererequiredtoapprovetheamendment.Congresssetatimelimitofsevenyearsforthestatestoapproveit.ThiswasextendedtoJunethirtieth,nineteeneighty-two.However,onlythirty-fivestatesapprovedtheamendmentbythedeadlinesoitneverwentintoeffect.ThedefeatoftheE.R.A.wasasadeventforBettyFriedan,NOWandotheractivists.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteeneighty-one,BettyFriedanwroteabouttheconditionofthewomen'smovement.Herbookwascalled"TheSecondStage."Friedanwrotethatthetimeforhugedemonstrationsandothersucheventshadpassed.SheurgedthemovementtotrytoincreaseitsinfluenceonAmericanpoliticallife.Someyoungermembersofthemovementdenouncedherastooconservative.Asshegrewolder,FriedanstudiedconditionsforolderAmericans.Shewroteabookcalled"TheFountainofAge"innineteenninety-three.Shewrotethatsocietyoftendismissesoldpeopleasnolongerimportantoruseful.Friedan'slastbookwaspublishedintwothousand.Shewasalmosteightyyearsoldatthetime.Itstitlewas"LifeSoFar."BettyFriedandiedonFebruaryfourth,twothousandsix.Itwashereighty-fifthbirthday.BettyFriedanoncetoldatelevisionreporterhowshewantedtoberemembered:"Shehelpsmakeitbetterforwomentofeelgoodaboutbeingwomen,andthereforeshehelpedmakeitpossibleforwomentomorefreelylovemen."(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJerilynWatson.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.YoucandownloadatranscriptandaudioofthisshowatWWW.51VOA.COM.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.