美国名人 建筑师 路易·康.docx

美国名人建筑师路易康1.ouisKhanHelpedDefineModernArchitectureplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:44repeatByDanaDemange2005-8-20VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogram,PeopleinAmerica.Tday,wetellaboutLouisKahn.HeisconsideredoneofthemostimportantAmericanbuildingdesignersofthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.ouisKahnhelpeddefinemodernarchitecture.Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningandbuildingstructuressuchashouses,museums,andofficebuildings.Kahn'sarchitecturehasseveraldefiningqualities.Forexample,Kahnwasveryinterestedinthelookandfeelofthematerialsheused.Heusedbrickandconcreteinnewandspecialways.Kahnalsopaidcarefulattentiontotheuseofsunlight.Helikednaturallighttoenterhisbuildingsthroughinterestingkindsofwindowsandopenings.Kahn'sworkcanalsobeidentifiedbyhiscreativeuseofgeometricshapes.Manyofhisbuildingsusesquares,circlesandthreesidedshapescalledtriangles.VOICETWO:1.ouisKahnwasborninEstoniainnineteen-oh-one.WhenhewasfiveyearsoldhisfamilymovedtoPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Evenasachild,LouisKahnshowedexcellenceasanartist.Whenhewasinschoolhispictureswonseveralcompetitionsorganizedbythecity.Inhighschool,Kahnstudiedarchitecturebriefly.HelaterwenttotheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandstudiedarchitecturefulltime.Hegraduatedinnineteentwenty-four.1.ouisKahn'sbuildingshavemanyinfluences.SomeexpertssayhistriptoRome,Italyinnineteenfifty-oneinfluencedhimthemost.KahnspentafewmonthsasanarchitectwiththeAmericanAcademyinRome.HealsotraveledthroughotherpartsofItaly,GreeceandEgypt.There,hesawtheancientGreekandRomanruinsthatalsowouldinfluencehisworks.Hewasveryaffectedbythesizeanddesignoftheseruins.Theyhelpedinfluencehimtodevelopanarchitecturethatcombinesbothmodernandancientdesigns.OtherexpertsbelieveKahnwasalsoinfluencedbythepartofPhiladelphiawherehegrewup.Thereweremanyfactorybuildingswithlargewindows.Thesebrickstructureswereverysolid.ThisindustrialdesignisapparentinseveralofKahn'searlyworks.VOICEONE:Kahn'sfirstprojectsinvolvedbuildinghousinginPhiladelphia.HelaterreceivedgovernmentjobstodesignhousingduringWorldWarTwo.Innineteenforty-two,hebecameaheadarchitectofthePublicBuildingAdministration.Kahn'sfirstimportantprojectwastheYaleArtGalleryinNewHaven,Connecticutintheearlynineteenfifties.Theoutsideofthebuildingisverysimple.Thesurfaceismadeofbrickandlimestone.TheinsideofthegalleryshowsKahn'sgreatartisticsense.Forexample,hecreatedatriangle-shapedwalkwayofstepsthatsitsinsidearoundedconcreteshell.Thisbuildingwasverypopular.ItscompletionrepresentedanimportantstepinKahn'sprofessionallife.Hewasnowafamousarchitect.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:OneofKahn'sotherimportantbuildingsistheSalkInstitute,aresearchcenterinLaJollazCalifornia.Itwasbuiltinthenineteensixties.ThisstructurefurthershowshowKahnwasabletouniteformandfunction.Thismeanshisbuildingswerebeautifulandalsouseful.TheSalkInstitutehastwostructuresthatsurroundamarblegardenareaorcourtyard.Thisoutdoormarbleareaisalmostcompletelybare.TheonlydetailisasmallstreamofwaterrunningthroughthemiddleofthesquaretowardsthePacificOcean.Thissimpledesignisverystriking.Insidethebuildingaremanyroomsforlaboratories.Kahnwasverycarefultomakesuretheyallreceivednaturallightandaviewoftheocean.Helinkedtheindoorandoutdoorspacesinaverybeautifulway.VOICEONE:TheKimbellArtMuseuminFortWorth,TexasisanotherfamousbuildingbyLouisKahn.Somesayitishisbest.Kahnbuiltthismuseumintheearlynineteenseventies.Thislargemuseumhaslongroomswithcurvedorvaultedceilings.Inside,allofthewallscanbemovedtobestfittheartcollection.Kahnwasabletomaketheconcretematerialofthebuildinglookbothsolidandairy.Heusedsunlightandbodiesofwatertocreateatrulyspecialbuilding.KahnoncesaidthisabouttheKimbellArtMuseum:"Thebuildingfeels.thatIhadnothingtodowithit.thatsomeotherhanddidit."Thearchitectseemstosaythathewashelpedbysomehigherinfluence.Manypeoplefeelthathisarchitecturehasaveryspiritualandtimelessquality.Kahnmostlycreatedpublicbuildingssuchasmuseumsandlibraries.However,healsodesignedafewhouses.HismostfamoushomeistheFisherhousenearPhiladelphia.Itismadeofseveralbox-shapedbuildings.Thehouseismadeoutofglass,woodandstone.Manywindowsprovideaviewofthenearbytrees.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:1.ouisKahnalsodesignedbuildingsinothercountries,includingIndiaandBangladesh.HislargestprojectwasaseriesofbuildingsthatwouldbecomethegovernmentcenterofDhakazBangladesh.Thisstructureincludestheparliament,meetingrooms,offices,eatingplacesandevenareligiouscenter.Thisseriesofbuildingslookslikeanancienthomeforkings.Hugeroundedandbox-likebuildingshavewindowsintheshapeofcirclesandtriangles.Thestructureissurroundedbywater.Fromadistance,itappearstofloatonalake.Khanspentthelasttwelveyearsofhislifeontheproject.Itwascompletedinnineteeneighty-three,nineyearsafterhisdeath.BecauseofKahn,expertsSayfoneofthepoorestcountriesintheworldhasoneofthemostbeautifulpublicbuildingsonEarth.AllofKahn'sbuildingsshareacommonsolidityandheaviness.ExpertssaytheyareverydifferentfromtheworksofOtherfamousarchitectsoftheperiod.Thesearchitectspreferredlightandairybuildings.Theirweightless-lookingstructuresweremostlymadeofglassandmetal.Kahnusedstoneandconcretetomakemonumentalbuildings.Manyofhisstructureslookmoreancientthanmodern.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.ouisKahnwasanartistwhocreatedbeautifulworks.Buthewasnotaverygoodbusinessman.Hewouldchangehisdesignsmanytimes.Thiswouldmakeeachprojecttakeagreatdealoftimeandcostmoremoney.Themajorityoftheprojectshedesignedwereneverbuilt.Also,hedidnotliketocompromisehisdesignideastosatisfyabuyer'swishes.Forthisreasonandothers,Kahndidnotmakemanybuildings.Hisdesigncompanydidnotalwayshavemanyjobsormuchmoney.Infact,whenKahndied,hewasingreatdebt.Thisisespeciallyunusualsincehewasconsideredoneofthemostimportantarchitectsintheworld.VOICETWO:Intwothousandfour,MisterKahn'sson,NathanielKahn,madeafilmabouthisfather'slife.Thefilmiscalled"MyArchitect".Itisinterestingformanyreasons,"MyArchitect"givesahistoryofKahn'slife.Thefilmpresentsthearchitectandhisbuildings.YoucanseeKahnworkingathisdeskandtalkingwithhisbuilders.Youcanalsoseehimteachinguniversitystudents.Youcantellthathehadgreatenergy.ThefilmalsoshowsagreatdealaboutKahn'sprivatelife.Kahnhadawifeanddaughter.Buthealsohadtwootherfamilies.Kahnhadachildwitheachoftwootherwomenthathewasnotmarriedto.Inthefilm,NathanielKahndescribesvisitsfromhisfather.Hesaysthatasachildhedidnotunderstandwhyhisfatherdidnotlivewithhimandhismotherallofthetime.VOICEONE:In"MyArchitect/'NathanielKahnmeetshisfather'sotherchildren.Theytalkaboutwhatitwasliketohavesuchafamousandhard-workingfather.Theyalsodiscusswhatitwaslikehavingafatherwithsomanyfamilysecrets.ManyquestionsareleftunansweredaboutKahn.Yet,thefilmhelpstellaveryinterestingstoryaboutaveryimportantman.LouisKhandiedinnineteenseventy-four.Yethisinfluenceliveson.WhileteachingattheUniversityofPennsylvania,hetrainedmanyfuturebuilders.Somestudentshavebecomeimportantarchitects.AndKahn'sarchitecturehasremainedfreshandtimeless.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyDanaDemange.ItwasproducedbyDanaDemangeandLawanDavis.mBarbaraKlein.VOICEONE:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.