美国名人 现代民权运动之母 罗莎·帕克斯.docx

美国名人现代民权运动之母罗莎帕克斯RosaParks:MotheroftheAmericanCivilRightsMovementplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-18:05repeatByNancySteinbach2005-11-19(MUSIC)VOICEONE:mPatBodnar.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.Today,wetellaboutRosaParkszwhohasbeencalledthemotheroftheAmericancivilrightsmovement.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Untilthenineteensixties,blackpeopleinmanypartsoftheUnitedStatesdidnothavethesamecivilrightsaswhitepeople.LawsintheAmericanSouthkeptthetworacesseparate.Theselawsforcedblackpeopletoattendseparateschools,liveinseparateareasofacityandsitinseparateareasonabus.OnDecemberfirst,nineteenfifty-five,inthesoutherncityofMontgomery,Alabama,aforty-twoyearoldblackwomangotonacitybus.Thelawatthattimerequiredblackpeopleseatedinoneareaofthebustogiveuptheirseatstowhitepeoplewhowantedthem.Thewomanrefusedtodothisandwasarrested.ThisactofpeacefuldisobediencestartedprotestsinMontgomerythatledtolegalchangesinminorityrightsintheUnitedStates.ThewomanwhostarteditwasRosaParks.Today,wetellherstory.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ShewasbornRosaLouiseMcCauleyinnineteen-thirteeninTuskegee,Alabama.Sheattendedlocalschoolsuntilshewaselevenyearsold.ThenshewassenttoschoolinMontgomery.Shelefthighschoolearlytocareforhersickgrandmother,thentocareforhermother.Shedidnotfinishhighschooluntilshewastwenty-one.RosamarriedRaymondParksinnineteenthirty-two.Hewasabarberwhocutmen'shair.Hewasalsoacivilrightsactivist.Together;theyworkedforthelocalgroupoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople.Innineteenforty-three,MissusParksbecameanofficerinthegroupandlateritsyouthleader.RosaParkswasaseamstressinMontgomery.Sheworkedsewingclothesfromthenineteenthirtiesuntilnineteenfifty-five.ThenshebecamearepresentationoffreedomformillionsofAfrican-Americans.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:InmuchoftheAmericanSouthinthenineteenfifties,thefirstrowsofseatsoncitybuseswereforwhitepeopleonly.Blackpeoplesatinthebackofthebus.Bothgroupscouldsitinamiddlearea.However,blackpeoplesittinginthatpartofthebuswereexpectedtoleavetheirseatsifawhitepersonwantedtositthere.RosaParksandthreeotherblackpeoplewereseatedinthemiddleareaofthebuswhenawhitepersongotonthebusandwantedaseat.Thebusdriverdemandedthatallfourblackpeopleleavetheirseatssothewhitepersonwouldnothavetositnexttoanyofthem.Thethreeotherblacksgotup,butMissusParksrefused.Shewasarrested.SomepopularstoriesaboutthatincidentincludethestatementthatRosaParksrefusedtoleaveherseatbecauseherfeetweretired.Butsheherselfsaidinlateryearsthatthiswasfalse.WhatshewasreallytiredOfshesaid,wasacceptingunequaltreatment.Sheexplainedlaterthatthisseemedtobetheplaceforhertostopbeingpushedaroundandtofindoutwhathumanrightsshehad,ifany.VOICETWO:AgroupofblackactivistwomeninMontgomerywasknownastheWomen'sPoliticalCouncil.Thegroupwasworkingtoopposethemistreatmentofblackbuspassengers.Blackshadbeenarrestedandevenkilledforviolatingordersfrombusdrivers.RosaParkswasnotthefirstblackpersontorefusetogiveupaseatonthebusforawhiteperson.ButblackgroupsinMontgomeryconsideredhertobetherightcitizenaroundwhomtobuildaprotestbecauseshewasoneofthefinestcitizensofthecity.Thewomen'sgroupimmediatelycalledforallblacksinthecitytorefusetorideoncitybusesonthedayofMissusParks'strial,Monday,Decemberfifth.Theresultwasthatfortythousandpeoplewalkedandusedothertransportationonthatday.Thatnight,atmeetingsthroughoutthecity,blacksinMontgomeryagreedtocontinuetoboycottthecitybusesuntiltheirmistreatmentstopped.Theyalsodemandedthatthecityhireblackbusdriversandthatanyonebepermittedtositinthemiddleofthebusandnothavetogetupforanyoneelse.VOICEONE:TheMontgomerybusboycottcontinuedforthreehundredeighty-onedays.ItwasledbylocalblackleaderE.D.Nixonandayoungblackminister;MartinLutherKing,Junior.Similarprotestswereheldinothersoutherncities.Finally,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledonMissusParks'scase.Itmaderacialseparationillegaloncitybuses.ThatdecisioncameonNovemberthirteenth,nineteenfifty-six,almostayearafterMissusParks'sarrest.TheboycottinMontgomeryendedthedayafterthecourtorderarrived,Decembertwentieth.RosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Juniorhadstartedamovementofnon-violentprotestintheSouth.ThatmovementchangedcivilrightsintheUnitedStatesforever.MartinLutherKingbecameitsfamousspokesman,buthedidnotlivetoseemanyoftheresultsofhiswork.RosaParksdid.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:1.ifebecameincreasinglydifficultforRosaParksandherfamilyafterthebusboycott.Shewasdismissedfromherjobandcouldnotfindanother.SotheParksfamilyleftMontgomery.TheymovedfirsttoVirginia,thentoDetroit,Michigan.MissusParksworkedasaseamstressuntilnineteensixty-five.Then,MichiganRepresentativeJohnConyersgaveherajobworkinginhiscongressionalofficeinDetroit.Sheretiredfromthatjobinnineteeneighty-eight.Throughtheyears,RosaParkscontinuedtoworkfortheNAACPandappearedatcivilrightsevents.Shewasaquietwomanandoftenseemeduneasywithherfame.Butshesaidthatshewantedtohelppeople,especiallyyoungpeople,tomakeusefullivesforthemselvesandtohelpothers.Innineteeneighty-sevenzshefoundedtheRosaandRaymondParksInstituteforSelf-Developmenttoimprovethelivesofblackchildren.RosaParksreceivedtwoofthenation'shighesthonorsforhercivilrightsactivism.Innineteenninety-six,PresidentClintonhonoredherwiththePresidentialMedalofFreedom.Andinnineteenninety-nine,shereceivedtheCongressionalGoldMedalofHonor.VOICEONE:Inherlateryears,RosaParkswasoftenaskedhowmuchrelationsbetweentheraceshadimprovedsincethecivilrightslawswerepassedinthenineteensixties.Shethoughttherewasstillalongwaytogo.YetsheremainedthefaceofthemovementforracialequalityintheUnitedStates.RosaParksdiedonOctobertwenty-fourth,twothousandfive.Shewasninety-twoyearsold.HerbodylayinhonorintheUnitedStatesCapitolbuildinginWashington.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantobesohonored.Thirtythousandpeoplewalkedsilentlypastherbodytoshowtheirrespect.RepresentativeConyersspokeaboutwhatthiswomanofquietstrengthmeanttothenation.Hesaid:"Thereareveryfewpeoplewhocansaytheiractionsandconductchangedthefaceofthenation.RosaParksisoneofthoseindividuals."VOICETWO:RosaParksmeantalottomanyAmericans.FourthousandpeopleattendedherfuneralinDetroit,Michigan.AmongthemwereformerPresidentBillClinton,hiswifeSenatorHillaryRodhamClinton,theReverendJesseJacksonzandNationofIslamleaderLouisFarrakhan.PresidentClintonspokeaboutrememberingtheseparationoftheracesonbusesintheSouthwhenhewasaboy.HesaidthatRosaParkshelpedtosetallAmericansfree.Hesaidtheworldknowsofherbecauseofasingleactofbraverythatstruckadeadlyblowtoracialhatred.Earlier,thereligiousofficialoftheUnitedStatesSenatespokeaboutheratamemorialserviceinWashington.HesaidRosaParks'sbraveryservesasanexampleofthepowerofsmallacts.AndtheReverendJesseJacksoncommentedinastatementaboutwhathersmallactofbraverymeantforAfrican-Americanpeople.Hesaidthatonthatbusinnineteenfifty-five,"Shesatdowninorderthatwemightstandupandsheopenedthedoorsonthelongjourneytofreedom."(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyNancySteinbach.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mPatBodnar.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPeopleinAmericaprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.