美国总统15 林肯（2）.docx

美国总统15林肯(2)AbrahamLincoln:Martyr(PartTwo)repeatByKellyJeanKellyIlJunef2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmerica'sPresidents.TodaywearecontinuingourstoryaboutAbrahamLincoln.HeledtheUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWarzwhichlastedfrom1861-1865.InthatnflictztheSouthernConfederacybattledtheUnion-thestatesthatsupportedthefederalgovernment.Southernstateswantedtomaketheirownlaws,includingthosethatprotectedslavery.TheywereafraidthatPresidentLincolnwouldusethepowerofthefederalgovernmenttobanslaveryintheirstates,aswellasinOtherareas.So11Southernstateswithdrewfromtherestofthecountry.Theystoppedregnizingthepowerofthecentralgovernment.PresidentLincolndidnotthinkstateshadtherighttowithdraw.Hesaidhewasfightingtoreunitethecountry.Butintime,heacceptedthattheCivilWarwouldalsobeafighttoendslavery.Commander-in-chief1.incolnisknownforseveralqualitiesasawartimepresident.Onewashowheledthemilitarycampaign.Aspresident,Lincolnworkedwithtopmilitaryofficialstocreateaplan.TheyrealizedthattheUnionhadmoreresourcesandmoremenwhouldfightthantheConfederateforces.So,theyplannedtosurroundtheSouthernstates,cutofftheirsupplies,andpreventforeignpowersfromhelpingtheConfederacy.1.incolnhopedtheUnion'sgeneralscouldexecutetheplanquicklyandendthewarassoonaspossible.Butthegeneralswereguarded.Theydidnotwanttoharmtheirsoldiersiftheydidnothaveto.TheyalsoknewtheConfederacyhadaskilledcommanderinGeneralRobertE.Lee.TroopsunderanotherConfederategeneral,Thomas"Stonewall"JacksonzalsodefeatedtheUnionarmyinseveralearlybattles.1.incolnwasfrustratedwiththewareffort.Hewantedgeneralswhowouldnotonlywinbattles,butchaseaftertheopposingforcesanddestroythemsotheyuldnotfightagain.Inonefamoustelegram,hewrotetohistopgeneral,GeorgeMcClellan.Lincolnsaid,"IfGeneralMcClellandoesnotwanttousetheArmy,Iwouldliketoborrowitforatime."Finally,LincolnreplacedMcClellan.ThenhereplacedMcClellan'sreplacements.Executivepower1.incolnchangedthepresidencybybeingactivelyinvolvedasacommander-in-chiefofthemilitary.Healsogreatlyexpandedthepowersofthechiefexecutive.1.incolnbelievedthatzduringwar,thepresidenthadpowersthatweregreaterthanthoseofCongressandtheSupremeCourt.Asaresult,hetookmanyactionsthatcritics-andevensomesupporters-consideredillegalundertheU.S.Constitution.Forexample,LincolnspentmillionsofdollarsinfederalmoneywithoutgettingpermissionfromCongress.Healsolimitedfreedomofthepress,restrictedmailservice,anddeclaredmartiallawinsomeplaces,evenwhenthesituationdidnotrequiremilitaryaction.Mostnotably,Linlntemporarilysuspendedthewritofhabeascorpus.HabeasrpusisanimportantrightintheAmericanlegaltradition.Itmeansthatpeoplewhoareunderarresthavetherighttoappearpersonallyincourt.Butzatsomeperiods,Lincolnignoredthatright.HesaidtheConfederacy's"rebellion"justifiedhisactions.And,hesaidzextrememeasureswerenecessarytore-unitethecountry.EmancipationProclamationOneofLinln'smostimportantlegaciesrelatestoslavery.TheissuewasattheheartoftheAmericanCivilWar.Formostofhiscareer,Lincolnspokeagainstslavery.Buthedidnottrytobarthecustominstateswhereitalreadyexisted.HeagreedtoleaveslaveryintheSouthalone.1.incolnalsodidnotreallybelieveinracialequality.AndheworriedthatifslaveryendedintheUnitedStates,blacksandwhiteswouldnotbeabletolivepeacefullytogether.ButastheWarcontinued,Lincolnchangedhismindabouthowtodealwiththeissue.Foronething,anti-slaveryactivistswereurgingLincolntoendslaveryformoralreasons.1.incolnalsoconsideredtacticalreasons-thoserelatedtothewar.HesawthatenslavedpeopleintheSouthwereescapingtojoinUnionarmiesintheNorth.TheiractionshelpedtheUnioneffort.1.incolnalsowantedtopreventEnglandorFrancefromhelpingtheSouth.TheSouthernstateswereimportanttradingpartnersforEurope.ButtheEnglishandFrenchpeoplehadrejectedslavery.LincolnhopedthatiftheUnionalsorejectedslavery,EuropeancountrieswouldsupporttheNorth-oratleastnotsupporttheSouth.SoLincolnwaiteduntiltheUnionwonamajorbattleinAntietamzMaryland.ThenheannouncedthathewasusinghispowerasawartimepresidenttoordertheendOfslaveryintheConfederatestates.HeproducedadocumentcalledtheEmancipationProclamation.Itsaidthatenslavedpeopleintherebellingstateswere"foreverfree."Historiansnotethattheactwasimportantandrevolutionary.Butitwasmostlysymbolic.Thefederalgovernmentwasnotabletoenforcetheorderatthetime.AnditdidnotdealwithenslavedpeopleinOtherareas.ButtheEmancipationProclamationwasthebeginningoftheendoflegalslaveryinthecountry.Duringtherestofhispresidency,Lincolnworkedinsupportofananti-slaveryamendmenttotheConstitution.Thatamendment-theThirteenth-wasapprovedin1865.Itofficiallyoutlawedslaveryacrossthecountry.NextweekwewillfinishthestoryOfAbrahamLincolnandtheCivilWar.mKellyJeanKelly.KellyJeanKellywrotethisstoryforLearningEnglish.GeorgeGrowwastheeditor.WordsinThisStoryresources-n.asupplyOfsomething(suchasmoney)thatsomeonehasandcanusewhenitisneededfrustrated-adj.veryangry,discouraged,orupsetbecauseofbeingunabletodoorcompletesomethingmartiallaw-adj.controlofanareabymilitaryforcesratherthanbythepolicelegacies-n.thingsthatcomefromsomeoneinthepastsymbolic-adj.expressingOrrepresentinganideaOrquality