《包装工程导论(双语)》期末复习资料2.docx

一、单词互译Parison吹塑成型Potopdymer感光树脂Lob料滴Aniloxroll网纹辐Funnd漏斗Recrina复卷Anneal退火Substrate承印物FrictionIid摩擦盖Gravure凹版印刷Hingelid较链盖Offeet胶印Thermalpraess热处理Flexography承版印刷Doubleseam二重卷封Screenprinting丝网印刷Draw-and-iron变薄拉伸IntinepressCollapsibletube软管Lithography平版印刷Leakage渗漏Reliepprinting凸版印刷Expensivepand膨胀圈Stackpress层叠式印刷机Impactextrusion冲击抗压Precondition预处理Hermetrc密封的Warpage翘曲变形Clinch钩住Slit切开Bulge膨胀Specimen样本Aerosd气雾剂Slottedbox开槽箱Polymer聚合物GluetabThermoplastic热塑性塑料FhP襟翼Moromer单体Score压痕Resh树脂Corrugatedfiberboard瓦楞纸板Thermosetplastic热固性Lmerboard面纸Cross-link交联Medium芯纸Biaxialorientation双向拉伸Hute瓦楞Formobility成型性Fluteshape楞形Feedhopper供料漏斗Fluteprotile楞型Profileextrusion仿型挤出lbke-upfactor瓦楞系数Stretch拉伸Fourdriner长网造Blow-filmextrusion挤出吹型薄膜Twin-wiremachine夹网造纸机Inflate膨胀Cylinder圆网造轴LThermofbrming热成型Antsotropic各向异性Plasticatingextruder塑压挤出机Tencidestrength抗张力强度Calendering压Pigment颜料SizingWCoating涂料Ream令Caliper厚度Brightness白度Alignment定位Hygroexpansive吸湿膨胀性Tube-style-foldingCiirton管式折叠纸盒Tray-style-foldingcarton盘式折叠纸盒Tetrapak利乐包Kigid刚性的Decolorizer脱色剂Inert惰性Breakability易碎性Blankmold初型膜Impurity杂质Inorganic无机的Soda-limeglass钠钙玻璃BorosiIicateglass硼硅酸盐玻璃Colonmt着色剂Blowmold成型模二、 填空1、P33Therearemanyvariationsonpapermakingmachines,eachimpartingitsowncharactertotheresultingpaper.Onlythreerepresentativeclasseswillbediscussedhere:fburdrinier,cylinder,andtwin-wiremachines.2、P36Depositingafiber-and-waterslurryonioamovingwirebelttendstoalignfibersinthedirectionoftravel,knowsasthemachinedirection(MD).Thedirectionacrossthepapermakingmachineandacrossthefiberalignmentisthecrossdirection(CD,Figure3.7).3、P47Corrugatedfiberboard,orcombinedboardhastwomaincomponents:theIinerboardandthemedium.Botharemadeofaspecialkindofheavypapercalledcontainerboard.Linerboardistheflatfacingthatadherestothemedium.Themediumisthewavy,flutedpaperbetweentheliners(Figure4.1).4、P54Thepuncturetestmeasurestheenergyrequiredtopunctureaboardwithatriangularpyramidalpointaffixedtoapendulumarm.ttBeachpuncture,(alsoknownastheGE.punctugatedtest)isusedmostlytoquanifythepunctureresistanceandstiffnessoftriplewallcorrugated.Theboxmaker,sstampontriplewallcontainerscallsforapuncturetestratherthanaburstingtest.5、P67Steelthree-piececanbemechanicallyseamed,bondedwithadhesive,welded,orsoldered(Figure5.3).Aluminumcannotbesolderedandcannotbeweldedeconomically.Weldedsanitarythree-piececanbodiesarethereforemadeexclusivelyofsteel.6、P68Canendsintendedforthermalprocessingarestampedwithaseriesofcircularexpansionpanels(Figure5.5).Thisallowsformovementoftheendpanelssothatthecontentsareabletoexpandandcontractwithoutbulgingorotherwisedistortingthecan.7、P79Unevencoolingcandevelopsubstantialstressesintheglass.Toreduceinternalstresses,thebottlepassesthroughanannealingoven,or“lehr"，immediatelyafterremovalfromtheblowmold.7、P83Apolymeriscreatedwhenalargenumberofidenticalrepeatingmonomerunitsarejoinedtogethertomakeasinglelargepolymermolecule(fromtheGreek“polys”,meaningmany,andttmeros,meaningparts).Theumer,'isthesmallestrepetitiveunitinapolymerandforthisdiscussionisbasedonthecarbonatom.8、P86Thermosetplasticsarepolymersthathavenotfullycompletedtheirpolymerizationreaction,butdosowhenactivated,usuallybyheat.Thesesultingproductiscross-linkedandwillnotbesoftenedagainbyheat;thereforeitcannotbereprocessedorreshaped.9、P87Polymerresinsarereceivedatamoldingplantintheformofsmallgranulesorpellets,similarinappearancetorice.Regardlessoftheformingprocess,thefirsttaskistoheatandmeltthepolymerresinpelletsintoaflowablefrom.Theplasticatingextruderisaheavybarrelinwhichascrewrotates,drivingpelletsfromthefeedhopperatoneendtotheexitportattheotherend.聚合物树脂在成型车间是小颗粒或片材的形式存在，在外观上与大米相似。无论在形成过程中，首要的任务是加热和将高分子树脂颗粒熔成流动性的形式。塑化挤出机是一个沉重的由螺杆旋转组成的桶，使片材从进料斗的一端进入另i端出来。10、 P132:Inatypicalflexographicprintingstation,excessinkisappliedtoanengravedtransferoranilox.Theengravingsontheaniloxrollmeterthecorrectamountofink,dependingontheengravinggeometryanddepth.Theinkistransferredtotheraisedsurfaceoftheprintingplateattachedtotheplatecylinder.11、 P139：Heat-transferandhot-stampprintingaresimilarinthattheybothuseheattotransferimagesfromacarrierwebtothesubstratetobedecorated.Theyarebothcleanprocessessincetherearenoinkstodry.Bothprocessesrequireasubstratethatisreasonablyheattolerant.三、 英译汉1、P35Cylindermachinesdewaterfurnishatthecylinderandpasteathinlayeroffiberagainstthefelt(figure3.4).Thefibersofsubsequentlayersdonotintermingle,andthereforethebondbetweenthelayersisweek.Thedryendissimilartothatfourdriniermachine.圆网造纸机脱水提供气缸和粘贴一层薄薄纤维毛毡(图3.4)。随后的纤维层不交融，因此层与层之间的粘结是一周。这种干燥方式是相似于长网造纸机。2、P38Ifclay-coatedpaperispassedunderhighlypolishedchromedrumsthatarerotatingcountertothepaperorfasterthanthepaperspeed,theclaycoatingswillbepolished.Thesepapersarereferredtoasmachine-glazedorchrome-coatedpapers.如果粘土涂覆层经过高度光度，转动与纸运动方向相反的或是转动速度大于纸速的格滚齿，那么粘土涂层将会变得很光亮。这些纸是用作机械压光纸或是涂辂纸。3、P49Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.例如，在三瓦楞纸板中，其中一层芯纸是A型瓦楞，然而其他两层也许是C型瓦楞。以这种方式混合楞型可以帮助设计者控制结合板的抗压强度，缓冲强度和总厚度。图4.6表明了普通楞型的特征4、P51AcorrugatingmachineismadeofanumberofoperatingstationsthattaketheappropriateIinerboardsandmediums,shapetheflutes,andjointheflutedmediumtothelinerboards.一个压瓦楞机由一系列的操作台，采取适当面纸和介质，然后成型瓦楞，将瓦楞的芯纸置入面板间。Atthesingle-facerstation（Figure4.7）,mediumispreconditionedwithheatandsteamtomakeitpliableandcapableofbeingformedintoaflutedconfiguration.在单瓦楞机站（图4.7）,用热量和蒸汽预处理介质，使其柔软形成一个有凹槽的配置。5、P68Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse（paneling）duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.食品卫生罐头可热加工成环筋压印的侧壁，可以提高因外部压力抗压溃能力。这可以防止崩溃（板）在压差过程中遇到干锵使其承受内部真空度。罐身环筋需要更多的材料，减少顶部和底层抗压强度，便于贴标。许多罐身环筋几何形状旨在最大限度地提高压溃强度，同时最大限度地减少附带的问题。卫生食品可热加工罐侧壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因为外米的压力珠浮雕图案。这可以防止崩溃在压力差（板）干储过程中遇到的使能承受内部的真空。边墙珠需要更多的材料，减少从高端到低端的压缩强度和复杂标签。许多侧壁珠几何图形，旨在最大限度地提高强度，同时最大限度地减少伴随的问题。6、P70ThebottomofaD&Icanhasthesamethicknessasthestartingdisk;however,thesidewallsareconsiderablyreducedinthickness,andthemetalareaofthefinalcanisgreaterthanthatoftheinitialdisk.Neckingoperationsreducethediameterofthecantop,therebyreducingtheend-piecediameter.Thisresultsinsignificantmetalsaving,sincetheendpieceismuchthickerthanthesidewalls.变薄拉伸的底部可以用相同厚度作为磁盘的开始;然而，侧壁厚度大大减少，最后金属面积大于原始的磁盘。缩颈操作减少最高能顶的直径，从而降低了最后一片直径。这将导致金属储蓄自最后一块比侧壁较厚。7、P79Typicalproductionratesrangefrom60to300bottlesperminute,dependingonthenumberofsectioninamachine,thenumberofgobsbeingextruded,andthesizeofthecontainer.典型的生产速率范围从60到300个瓶子每分钟，这取决于在一台机器一些部分，被挤压的采空区，容器的大小等。Theblownbottleisremovedfromtheblowmoldwithtakeouttongsandplacedonadeadplatetoaircoolforafewmomentsbeforetransfertoaconveyorthattransportsittotheannealingoven.用取出夹具把成形瓶从成型模中移出并放置在一个灰暗的盒子里进行自然冷却一段时间，然后再转移到能将其运输到退火炉的传送装置中。8、P85Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginaIhermosetplastic.单体可以在若干步骤后自己连结形成复杂的聚合物的结构。单体单元可以简单地加入到彼此形成长链作为热塑性塑料，也可以在三维图案中链间交联形成热固性塑料。9、P91:Theextrudersectionofaninjectionmoldingmachinemusthaveprovisionforejectingapreciseamount,or“shot,“ofpolymermeltintothemoldasrequired.Ram-screw-biningthefunctionofscrewandpiston.注射成型机器的挤出部分必须有或逐出按要求所需的聚合融熔物的精确量或范围。杆式螺旋机使用熔融物传送螺杆提供相互的旋转的运动，将杆及活塞的功能结合在一起。对于注射熔融聚合物其他的机器有独立的活塞模型的内凹处与所需要的形状一致。因而，当冷却后，将模型打开所需部分就被挤出。10、 P135:Paperforlithographicprintingneedstohaveacertainamountofwaterresistancesincesomewatermaybetransferredfromtheplatedampeningsystem.Paperstocksalsoneedastrong,cleansurfacewihgoodanchorageofsurfacefiberandclaycoatingstoresistbeingpickedorpulledapartbytheheavypasteinksastheblanketrollliftsfromthesubstratesurface.平版印刷纸需要有一定量的的抗水性能，因为一些水可转移板块抑制系统。纸材还需要一个强大的，干净的表面，具有固定的表面纤维和粘土涂料抵制被拖着沉重的浆状油墨除了从基板表面毯辐离开。四、 段落1、P48Flutescomeinseveralstandardshapesorfluteprofiles(A,B,C,E,F,etc.).A-flutewasthefirsttobedevelopedandisthelargestcommonfluteprofile.B-ilutewasnextandismuchsmaller.C-flutefollowedandisbetweenAandBinsize.E-fluteissmallerthanBandF-fluteissmalleryet.瓦楞有几种级别的楞形或楞型(A,B,C,E,F)A型瓦楞是最先被发展的最大普通型楞型。B型次之，比A型小点,C型大小屈于A型与B型之间。E型比B型小点，F型最小。Inadditiontothesefivemostcommonprofiles,newfluteprofiles-bothlargerandsmallerthanthoselistedhere-arebeingcreatedformorespecializedboards.Generally,largerfluteprofilesdelivergreaterverticalcompressionstrengthandcushioning.Smallerfluteprofilesprovideenhancedstructuralandgraphicscapabilitiesforprimary(retail)packaging.除了这五种普通楞型，更大或更小的新型瓦楞可用于制造更多的特殊纸板。总体看来，越大的瓦楞型号能承受更大的垂直抗压强度和缓冲力。越小的瓦楞型号为初级包装提供刚性和可印刷性。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommon11uteprofiles.不同的楞型可以结合成同一纸板。例如，在三瓦楞纸板中，其中一层芯纸是A型瓦楞，然而其他两层也许是C型瓦楞。以这种方式混合楞型可以帮助设计者控制结合板的抗压强度，缓冲强度和总厚度。图4.6表明了普通楞型的特征2、P53Edgewisecompressiontest(TAPPIT811)边压测试Inanedgewisecompressionlest(ECT),asmallspecimen(2in.×2in.)isplacedbetweentheplatensofacompressiontesterandloadeduntilfailureoccurs,figure4.9(b)l.Edgewisecompressionvaluesareafunctionof(hestiffnesscontributedbythefacingsandthemedium.ECTvalueshaveadirectrelationshiptotheprojectedstackingstrength.在边压试验(ECT)中，一个小样品(2英寸X2英寸)被放置在一个压缩测试仪的压盘上，直到发生故障。图4.9(b)o边压值是一个函数所提供的刚度和介质衬片。变压测试的值预计和堆码强度有直接的关系。OneobjectiontotheMullenbursttestisthatithasnorelationshiptoabox,scompressionstrength,whileanumberofformulashavebeendevisedthatrelateECTvaluestoexpectedboxcompressionstrength.对于一个异常的马伦爆破试验，它与箱子的压缩强度没有关系，而与公式中的边压强度值与预计箱子抗压强度相关。CarrierrulechangesalloweitherMullenvaluesorECTvaluestospecifytheboardsusedtoconstructacorrugatedcontainer.ThemajorityofshipperschoosetouseECTvalues.运营商习惯改变爆破值或边压强度值用来制造瓦楞纸箱板。大多数托运商选择使用的边压强度值。Flatcrushtest(TAPPIT808)平压强度Theflatcrushtestissimilartotheedgecompressionlestexceptthatthespecimeniscompressedintheflatfigure4.9(c).Thetestprovidesameasureoffluterigidity.平压测试是类似于边压强度试验，区别在于样品被压缩在平面上图4.9(c)该测试提供了瓦楞强度的措施。3、P68Allthree-piececanbodiesarepressuretestedandhavetheendsflangedtoreceivethecantopandbottomends.Thecanmakerappliesonecanendandsendstheotherendtotheusefordoubleseamingafterthecanisfilled.所有三片式罐身压力测试翻边可以接受顶部和底部的两端。制造商应用一个可以终止并传送到另一端使双缝填满。Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.卫生食品可热加工罐侧壁己可以提高抗倒塌，因为外米的压力珠浮雕图案。这可以防止崩溃在压力差(板)干馆过程中遇到的使能承受内部的真空。边墙珠需要更多的材料，减少从高端到低端的压缩强度和狂杂标签。许多侧壁珠几何图形，旨在最大限度地强度，同时最大限度地减少伴随的问题。Canendsintendedforthermalprocessingarestampedwithaseriesofcircularexpansionpanels(Figure5.5).Thisallowsformovementoftheendpanelssothatthecontentsareabletoexpandandcontractwithoutbulgingorotherwisedistortingthecan.Thechuckpanelisdesignedtogivetheproperclearancetothedouble-seamingchuckusedtosealthecanendtothebody.Avitalcan-endcomponentisthecompoundappliedaroundtheperimetercurl.Thiscompoundactsasacaulkingsealantwhentheendismatedanddouble-seamedtothecanbody(Figure5.6andFigure5.7)罐头端头预计用热处理压了一系列膨胀圆(图5.5)。这让端板移动以便内装物能够扩大和收缩而不膨胀或变形。夹盘板旨在给予适当空隙在双缝夹头中用来密封罐端部分和身体。一个重要罐端部分是围绕卷曲物的化合物。这种化合物作为专用填隙密封胶啮合双缝罐身(图5.6和图5.7)4、P89Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.Castsheetisorientedinthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruder,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivefasterthanthepreviousroll.挤出模和吹胀膜及片材的特性可以通过物理定向聚合物分子来提高，挤出片材在纵向的定向是横向拉伸速度快于其挤出速度来实现的，因而在横向拉伸它，这通常是将挤出模通过一系列滚子而得以完成实现的，每一个滚子转动速度都要比前一个滚子快。Cross-ortransverse-directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohavet4biaxialorientation”.横向定向进行拉伸装置。夹子沿增幅导轨夹住薄膜边缘，拉伸交叉方向到原来的七倍左右宽度。夹子沿增幅导轨夹住薄膜边缘，拉伸交叉方向到原来的七倍左右宽度。薄膜这两个方向被称为具有“双向拉伸二Bothmachine-andcross-directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimensions.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated;ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastidt4.0ricntcdfilmsarcheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperature(annealing)forabrieftime.两个机械以及横向定向使温度有所上升。如果快速拉伸和冷却，该薄膜将保留一些原始尺寸。它将要返回的原来的尺寸，如果重新加热效果，这将是一个“收缩薄膜”。定向薄膜热定形短暂的时间内保持他们在高温(退火Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationrationandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.吹塑薄膜定向调节吹胀比以及牵引比。吹塑薄膜不能定向铸造薄膜挤出的程度，然而，双向拉伸吹塑薄膜是很好的平衡。5、P132:Inatypicalflexographicprintingstation,excessinkisappliedtoanengravedtransferoraniloxroll.Theengravingsontheaniloxrollmeterthecorrectamountofink,dependingontheengravinggeometryanddepth.Theinkistransferredtotheraisedsurfaceoftheprintingplateattachedtotheplatecylinder.在一个典型的柔性版印刷工作站，过量的油墨应用在有雕刻的传输装置和网纹辐。用雕刻网纹*昆计量正确的墨水量，这取决于雕刻几何形状和深度。油墨被转移到印版表面提高连接到版简。6、Pl34:1.ithographyisaplanographicprocess,meaningthatprintingandnonprintingareasareallonthesameplane.Unlikethereliefplate,alithographicpringtingplateisfiatandsmooth.Lithographicprincipleswerediscoveredwhenagreasycrayonwasusedtowriteonaporousstone.Thestonewasthensoakedwithwater,wettingeverythingexceptthegreasedarea.Aninkmadefromoil,wax,andlamp-black,appliedtothestone,ssurface,wasnaturallyrepelledbythewettedarea,andadheredtothegreasyarea.Themutuallyexclusivenatureofoilandwaterformsthebasisofmodernlithography.Lithographicinkisbydefinitionalwaysoilbased.Itisaheavypasteandismeteredtotheplatecyl