产业集群向净零过渡_工业脱碳的国家政策扶持--第二部分WEF_Transitioning_Indus.docx

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1、IncollaborationwithAccentureWpRL11ECONOMICFQRUMTransitiomngIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDecarbonization-PartIlWHITEPAPERNOVEMBER2023Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3Executivesummary4TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiative61 Americas71.1 B

2、razil72 Europe112.1 Sweden112.2 Portugal143 AsiaandOceania163.1 BruneiDarussalam163.2 Thailand193.3 Malaysia223.4 India253.5 Japan283.6 UnitedArabEmirates314 Africa334.1 SouthAfrica33Conclusion37Contributors38Endnotes39DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEnomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,i

3、nsightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandndusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollatorativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.2023WorldEnomicForum.

4、Allrightsreserved.NopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedOrtransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrerding,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.October 2023TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDeCarboniZation-PartIlForewordJrgen Sa

5、ndstrm Head, Transforming Industrial Ecosystems, World Economic ForumMiguelGTorreiraManagingDirector,GlobalStrategy,Trading,InvestmentsandOptimisation(ATIOS),AccentureWeunderstandtheimportanceofdecarbonizationofindustrialclustersinachievingnetzeroandthecrucialrolethatregulatorsandpolicy-makersplay.P

6、ublic-privatecollaborationhasreachedall-timehighsastechnologyandpolicyinnovationhaveenabledmorerobustandacceleratedgrowthingreensolutionsforindustry.AstheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeexpandsintonewgeographies,wehavedevelopedadditionalcomprehensiveanalysesofthestrategiesanda

7、ctionsemployedbymultiplefederalgovernmentstopropelindustrialdecarbonization.Thisanalysiscomplementsourfirstpublication,TranSitiOninaIndUStrialCIUSterStowardsNetZero:NationalPOiiCVEnabIementforIndUStrialDeCarbOniZatiOmbyprovidinganuancedandconciseoverviewofanadditional10countries,includingourfirstcou

8、ntriesfromtheMiddleEastandAfrica.Thispaperwillprovideadeepdiveintothecontextualreasoningbehindtheindustrialclusterapproachfordecarbonization,whichhasseenincreasingadoptionbypolicy-makersglobally.Theanalysissupportsourinitiativecommunityof20industrialclusters,vering11countriesacrossfourcontinents,wit

9、hacumulativecarbonemissionsreductionorabatementpotentialof626milliontonnes.Thankyoutoallofthoseparticipatinginresearchandpolicyanalysesfortheirtimeandcontributionstothispaper.ExecutivesummaryStrongcollaborationinpartnershipsisnecessarytonavigatethecomplexthemesforindustrialclustersdecarbonization.In

10、dustrialclustershavebecomeafocalpointforgovernmentsworldwide,leadingtoariseininitiativestotackleindustrialcarbonemissions.Governmentmmitmentandinstitutionalalignmentserveaskeyenablersforacceleratingaction.ItisobservedthatEUpolicies,suchastheCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM),haveastronginfluenceo

11、nindustrialdecarbonizationinothernationsincludingtheUnitedArabEmirates,BrazilandSouthAfrica.AmongcountriesinAsia,JapanandIndiaareleadingintermsofpolicyframeworksforhydrogen.Meanwhile,inemergingeconomies,policyframeworksforcarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)arestillintheearlystagesofdevelopment

12、.Withthediversityinpolicyemphasis,itiscriticaltonotetheimportanceofthelocalcontextineachcountrystransitionjourneyandtoreadthispaperwithduerespectandconsiderationofthisdimension.ThispaperreviewsthelegislatedpoliciesdrivingindustrialdecarbonizationinaselectionoftennationsacrosstheAmericas,Europe,Asia-

13、Pacific,MiddleEastandAfrica,aswellastheenablingmechanismstopromoteacollaborative,market-orientedindustrialclustersapproach.Acrossthesepolicies,analysishasshownthefollowing:1. Thereisanoticeabletrendtowardspromotingtheadoptionofrenewableenergysources.Governmentsareimplementingdiversestrategies,settin

14、gmultiplegoalsforvariousrenewableenergysourcessuchasgreenhydrogen,solar,windandbiofuels.Foranumberofcountries,includingJapan,India,MalaysiaandSouthAfrica,thisapproachaimstoensureacomprehensiveandbalancedtransitiontowardscleanerandmoresustainableenergysolutions,withobservedemphasisonenhancingenergyse

15、curityandaccess.2. Theprioritizationofrenewablesisalsoreflectedintheportionoffundingorfinancialincentivesallocated,whichinmanycountriesissignificantlyhigherthantheallocationforothersolutionssuchasenergyefficiency,hydrogenandCCUS.3. Broadsetsoffiscalincentivesareinuse,includinggrants,subsidies,guaran

16、tees,taxincentives,aswellasmultilateralaidfunding.4. Inthenearterm,thedecarbonizationofindustriesisdrivenprimarilybytheswitchingofenergysourcestorenewablesinparallelwiththeelectrificationofindustrialheating,supportedbyarangeofgovernmentsubsidies,schemes,projects,grantsandtaxincentives.Significantbud

17、getsareallocatedtowardsincreasingtheproportionofcleanenergyinprimaryenergyproductionthroughdirectgovernmentinitiativesorbyprovidingincentivestoencourageprivatesectorparticipation.5. AsignificantnumberofnationshaveembarkedonthedevelopmentofCCUSprojects,aswellastheconversionanduseofblueandgreenhydroge

18、n.Theseinitiativesarefuelledbythecollectiveeffortsofboththeprivateandpublicsectors,whichcollaboratethroughpartnershipsortakeindividualleadershiprolesindrivingtheseprojectsforward.6. Nationsareadoptingacomprehensiveapproachbyimplementinginitiativestoreduceemissionseffectively,acceleratetheadoptionofe

19、lectrificationandcleanenergy,andenhanceenergyefficiency.Theyaretailoringtheirpoliciesandinitiativestomakeuseoftheiruniquegeographicalandeconomicadvantages,enablingthemtopursueindividualizedapproachesinharnessingthesebenefits.7. Thepotentialofcarbonpricingisgainingprominenceinemergingmarkets,withthre

20、eSouth-EastAsiancountriesannouncingplansforcarbontaxmechanisms.Challengestoimplementationareconcernsaroundtheeconomicimpactofcarbonpricing,e.g.reducedcompetitivenessandhighenergycosts.TABLE1INationalinvestmentinkeydecarbonizationtechnologiesNationHydrogenCarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)Syst

21、emicefficiencyandcircularityDirectelectrificationandrenewableheatFederalfundingandsupportmeasures(inclusiveofmultilateralfunding)BrazilExploringExploringExploringInvestingSwedenSeedingInvestingExploringNone1PortugalSeedingNoneSeedingExploringBruneiDarussalamNone2None3None4AmbitionstatedThailandAmbit

22、ionstatedSeedingExploringExploringMalaysiaAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingInvestingIndiaInvestingAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingJapanInvestingInvestingSeedingInvestingUnitedArabEmiratesInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingSouthAfricaSeeding5NoneExploring5Investing5Notes:1)Statesupportisnotrequiredin

23、Swedenasthishasbeenlong-establishedwithamatureandmpetitivemarket;2)InSeptember2023,theDepartmentofEnergypublishedastudyongreenhydrogenproductioninBrunei;3)BruneiShellPetroleum,ajointventurebetweenShell(50%)andtheBruneiGovernment(50%)isexploringpotentialCCUSsolutionsinBruneiDarussalam;4)In2022,anMoUw

24、assignedbetweenBankIslamBruneiDarussalam(BIBD)andBruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange(BNCCC)tollaborateindimatesolutionsincludinginvestmentinenergynservation;5)InclusiveofmultilateralfundingfromJETP.TABLE2IRecognitionoftheimportanceofcarbonpricingNationEmissionstradingschemeCarbontaxBrazil

25、NoneatpresentNoneatpresentSwedenEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)Yes,cartxntaxapplicablefornon-ETSsectorsinclusiveofindustryandhouseholdsandhasbeenprogressivelyincreasingsinceitsintroductionin1991.Currenttaxrateis122pertonneasof2023.PortugalEUETSCarbontaxfortheaviationsector,applicabletocommercialflig

26、htsandbusinessflights,inforceJuly2023;taxrateof2perpassenger.BruneiDarussalamNoneatpresent;thecountrysNationalClimateChangePolicyseescarbonpricingasakeylevercontributingtoacartjnreductionof46%.Planstointroducecarbonpricingby2025.NoneThailandVoluntaryCartxnMarketStudyingtheintroductionofcarbontaxtoen

27、ergy,transportandindustrialsectors(coveringover90%ofThailandsemissions).MalaysiaVoluntaryCarbonMarketAnnouncedplansforcarbontax.IndiaNoneGoodandServicesCompensationCess(onalproduction),supersedingtheCleanEnergyCess.Taxrateof$5pertonne(400Indianrupeepertonne)ofcoalproduction.JapanETSplanned;voluntary

28、capandtradeinTokyoMetropolitanCityandSaitamaPrefecture.Taxforclimatechangemitigation(TCCM)inplacesince2012,reforms/revisionsannouncedonholdduetorisingenergypricesin2023.TCCMtaxrateofabout$2pertonne(289Japaneseyenpertonne).UnitedArabEmiratesCarboncreditstradingdeskplanned(creditsfromADNOCcarbonmitiga

29、tionprojects,tobeavailableasoffsetstolowercarbonftprintofexportstoEU).NoneSouthAfricaNoneCarbontaxintroducedJune2019;emissionallowances(basictax-freeallowancevering60-75%ofemissions,plusadditionaloffsetsandallowances)until2025toeasethetransitionhasledtoloweffectivetaxrate.TheTransitioningIndustrialC

30、lusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeCatalysingthedecarbonizationofindustrialclustersglobally.TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeisledbytheWorldEconomicForumincollaborationwithAccentureandtheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI).Theinitiativeaimstoconveneandaccelerateco-locatedindust

31、riesontheirnet-zerotransition,makinguseofopportunitiesforcollaborativeinvestmentde-risking,cleanenergymarketcreationandcluster-baseddecarbonization.Theinitiativeconvenesindustrialplayersatallstagesofambitiondevelopmentinanimpartialforumtocollaborativelyshapestrategiesandsharelessonslearned.Inparalle

32、l,theinitiativecontinuestodevelopthoughtleadershipandincubatebestpracticesforthesignatoryclusterscommunity.ThispolicyanalysiswillbemplementedbyafinancingdeepdiveforindustrialclustersinEuropeandselectedemergingeconomies.Theinitiatives20signatoryclustersaredistributedacross11countriesandcontinuetoexpa

33、ndtonewgeographies,includingIndia(withthesupportofBain&Company)andChina.ScopeofworkandresearchapproachThissecondeditionincludesafourthgeographywiththeinclusionofAfrica.NationsselectedforreviewwithinthesegeographiesweredrivenbothbytheinterestoftheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZerocommunity

34、andexpansionplansfortheinitiative.Thispaperwasdevelopedthroughathoroughreviewofnationalandcollaboration-of-nationslegislationandotherfederalpublicdocumentation.Further,inasubsetofgeographies,localexpertswereinterviewed,oradditionaldesktopresearchwascompletedtounderstandthepartnership,policy,financea

35、ndtechnologystrategiesofuflagshipindustrialclusters.Asummaryofboththispolicyreviewandflagshipindustrialclusterprofilingispresentedherein.OAmericas 1.1BrazilIndustrycontributes34.6%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption;majorindustrialsfacethechallengeofmeeting2050neutralitytargets.Renewableenergiesaccountf

36、or48%oftheprimaryenergydemandinBrazil,yetthecountryremainsamongthetopfiveglobalcarbonemitters,accountingformorethan3%ofglobalemissionsin2020?Mostofitsemissions(46%in2020)arerelatedtolandusechange,especiallydeforestationoftropicalforests.2Brazilhascommittedtocarbonneutralityby2050.However,severalstat

37、esandcities,suchasSaoPauloandRiodeJaneiro,havepublishedevenmoreambitiousemissionreductiontargets,mainlyassociatedwiththeenergytransition.Largeindustrialcompaniescontinuetomakeprogresstowardsdecarbonization,boththroughpublishedcommitmentstoreductiontargetsandthroughthedevelopmentofinnovativesustainab

38、ilityprojects,whichareestimatedtocreate2millionjobsby2030.FIGURE 1IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinBrazilo61MtCoJ60%ofindustrialemissionsareconcentratediniron,steelandcementprocessesMilliontonnesofcarbondioxide43%Reductionrequiredingreenhousegas(GHG)emissions(from2005levels)by2030tostayo

39、ntrackfornetzeroby20502millionEstimatednetincreaseofBrazilianjobsby2030fromtransitioningtoagreenereconomySrces:ObservatorioDoClimatEmpresadePesquisaEnergetica(EPE);WorldResourcesInstitute.BrazilsapproachtoindustrialdecarbonizationBrazilscleanenergypolicydevelopmentAlthoughBrazildoesnothaveenablingpo

40、liciesspecifictoindustrialclusters,thereareahostofpublicsectorinitiativesthatcatalyseandsupportcleanenergyandindustrialdecarbonizationinvestments.Beginningwith2010,sNationalPlanonClimateChange,whichcreatedthefirstcommitmentstoreduceemissionsanddeforestation,Brazilhasdevelopedaquantified,time-boundde

41、carbonizationpathwayandcontinuestoshowprogressandadditionalinvestmentinscalingthetechnologies,relationshipsandfinancingavailabilitythatwillenableit.FIGURE 2BrazilpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationNatiOnal Plan On Climate ChaCqe November 2010Plan for LoW CarbOn EConomV in IndUStrVJune 2013The

42、BraZiiian COmmitment to Combatina Ciimate Chanae: EneraV PrOdUCtiOn and USeJune 2016Renovabio: NatiOnal PoiiCV for BiofUeISNational GUidelineS for Ciimate NeUtraIitVNatiOnal ProqramZerO MethaneMarch 2022December2017February2022NationalGuidelinesforClimateNeutralityThislandmarkpublicationfromBrazilsM

43、inistryoftheEnvironmentlaysthefoundationforanoperationalstrategybywhichBrazilcanachievenetzeroby2050.Thepublication,segmentedbyresponsibilityandsectoropportunities,laysoutacomprehensiveseriesofgoalsandenablers,includingthosehighlightedbelow.Theguidelinesenvisionimplementationwouldbeadvancedbythewhol

44、eofthecountry,includingstate,municipalitiesandcivilsociety.Energygeneration- Achieve50%renewableenergiesinthecompositionoftheenergymatrixand10%efficiencygainsintheelectricsectorby2030.- Promotetheuseofenergyfromwaste,includingsolidurbanwaste.Heavyindustry- Provisionfordirectfinancialsupportforresear

45、ch,developmentandinnovationoflow-carbontechnologies.- Promotethemitigationoftheoilandgasindustryscarbonemissionsthroughtheadoptionofmoreenergy-efficienttechnologiesinproductionunits,includingdirectelectrification.NationalProgrammeZeroMethaneThe2022NationalProgrammeZeroMethaneifromtheMinistryoftheEnv

46、ironmentaimstoreducemethaneemissionsby30%by2030(from2020levels),whichBrazilcommittedtowithover100othernationsatCOP26.Theprogrammeproposestoreducemethaneemissionsbyencouragingtheconsumptionofbiomethaneandfinancingtheconstructionofbiodigestersanddistributioninfrastructure.Systemicefficiencyandcircular

47、ityDirectelectrificationandrenewableheatCarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)Hydrogen-Brazilaimstoincreaseelectricalefficiencyby10%by2030,equivalentto105terrawatthours(TWh).-TheNationalProgrammeZeroMethaneaimstoreducemethaneemissionsbyencouragingtheconsumptionofbiomethanefromwasteandfinancingtheconstructionofbiodigestersanddistributioninfrastructure.-By2024,theaimistoeliminatedumpsitesinthecountryandshifttowardsenhancedwastemanagementpracticesthatprioritizeenergyefficie