【建筑施工手册】之 古建筑施工手册.doc
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1、24-1 瓦石作材料223页表后24-1-1 古建筑用砖古建筑采用的砖是以粘土为主要原料,经过成型、干燥焙烧和窨窑工艺制成的青(灰)色的砖。其名称可因产地、规格和工艺的不同而派生出多种。其名称、用途及参考尺寸见表24-1。现行古建筑砖料名称及规格(单位:mm) 表24-1名 称主要用途参考尺寸(糙砖规格)(清代官窑规格)说 明城砖大城样(大城砖)小式下碱干摆;大式地面;基础;大式糙砖墙;檐料;杂料;淌白墙480240130(464233.6112)如需砍磨加工。砍净尺寸按糙砖尺寸扣减530mm计算二城样(二城砖)同大城样440220110(41620886.4)停泥砖大停泥大、小式墙身干摆、丝
2、缝;檐料;杂料3201608041021080-小停泥小式墙身;地面;檐料;杂料2801407029514570(28814464)四丁砖淌白墙;糙砖墙;檐料;杂料;墁地24011553-四丁砖即兰手工砖,适于砍磨加工。如砌糙砖墙,可用兰机砖地趴砖室外地面;杂料42021085-砍净尺寸按糙砖尺寸扣减1030mm计算方尺二方砖小式墁地;博缝;檐料;杂料4004006036036060(38438464)(常行尺二:35235248)砖尺四方砖大、小式墁地;博缝;檐料;杂料4704706042042055(44844864)(常行尺四:41641657.6)足尺七方砖大式墁地;博缝;檐料;杂料5
3、705706024-1-2 黑活(布瓦)瓦件布瓦是以粘土为主要原料,经成型、干燥、焙烧和窨窑工艺制成的青(灰)色瓦料。当区别于琉璃瓦时,常被称为黑活,布瓦的种类和规格见表24-2。布瓦尺寸表(单位:cm) 表24-2名 称现行常见尺寸清代官窑尺寸长宽长宽筒瓦头号筒瓦(特号或大号筒瓦)1号筒瓦2号筒瓦3号筒瓦10号筒瓦30.5211917916131197(35.2)(30.4)(24)(14.4)(14.4)(12.16)(10.24)(8)板瓦头号板瓦(特号或大号板瓦)1号板瓦2号板瓦3号板瓦10号板瓦22.52018161122.520181611(28.8)(25.6)(22.4)(13
4、.76)(25.6)(22.4)(19.2)(12.16)勾头头号勾头1号勾头2号勾头3号勾头10号勾头332321191116131197(37)(32.5)(26)(16.5)(14.4)(12.16)(10.24)(8)滴水头号滴水1号滴水2号滴水3号滴水10号滴水252220181322.52018161l(31)(28)(27)(16)(25.6)(22.4)(19.2)(12.16)花边瓦头号花边瓦1号花边瓦2号花边瓦3号花边瓦10号花边瓦252220181322.520181611(31)(28)(27)(16)(25.6)(22.4)(19.2)(12.16)24-1-3 琉璃
5、瓦件琉璃瓦是以陶土为原料,表面施釉料,经成型、干燥、焙烧制成的瓦。琉璃瓦的釉色有多种,以黄、绿两种最常用。琉璃瓦件的种类和规格见表24-3。常见琉璃瓦件尺寸表(单位:cm) 表24-3名 称样 数二样三样四样五样六样七样八样九样正 吻高宽厚33623554.429420648256224179157331601221128627.21151098176251028372582370584941215129362018.5剑 把长宽厚9641.611.286.438.49.68035.28.964820.488.6429.4412.88.3224.9610.886.7219.528.45.761
6、66.724.8续表24-3(1)名 称样 数二样三样四样五样六样七样八样九样背兽(见表注)正方31.6829.1225.616.6411.528.326.566.08吻 座长宽厚54.431.6836.164829.1233.63325.629.4427.216.6419.842511.5214.72238.3211.52216.729.2818.56.088.64赤脚通脊长宽高89.654.460.883.24854.476.83343五样以下无黄道长宽厚89.654.419.283.2481676.83316五样以下无大群色(相连群色条)长宽厚89.654.419.283.2481676
7、.83316五样以下无群色条长宽厚四样以上无41.612938.412835.2107.53410831.586正通脊长宽高四样以上无73.627.23270.42528.467.4232564212060.818.517垂兽(见表注)高宽厚68.868.83259.259.23050.450.428.544442738.438.423.04323221.7625.625.61619.219.212.8垂兽座长宽高64327.0457.6306.451.228.55.7644.8275.1238.423.044.483221.763.8425.6163.222.412.82.56联座(联办垂兽
8、座)长宽高118.43252.889.63046.486.428.536.870.42728.667.223.042341.621.762128.8161723.812.815大连砖(承奉连砖)长宽高57.6321751.2301644.828.5144126133925123721.5113320931.517.58三连砖长宽高三样以上无43.52910412693923835.221.767.533.620.8731.5196.5小连砖长宽高七样以上无32166.428.812.85.76垂通脊长宽高99.23252.889.63046.483.228.536.876.82728.670.
9、423.04236421.762160.8201754.41715续表24-3(2)名 称样 数二样三样四样五样六样七样八样九样戗兽(见表注)高宽厚59.259.230565628.544442738.438.423.04323221,7625.625.620.O819.219.212.816169.6戗兽座长宽高57.6306.451.228.55.7644275.1238.423.044.483221.763.8425.620.83.219.212.82.5612.89.61.92戗通脊(岔脊筒子)长宽高89.63046.483.228.536.876.82728.670.423.0423
10、6421.762160.820.81754.41715489.613撺头长宽高57.6321751.2301644.828.514412693923836.821.767.533.620.8731.5196.5捎头长宽高48308.9641.6288.3238.4267.6835.2237.3632207.0430.4196.7230.08186.429.76176.08列角盘子长宽高4023.046.7236.821.766.433.620.86.O827.219.845.76三仙盘子长宽高4023.046.7236.821.766.433.620.86.0827.219.845.76仙人(
11、见表注)长宽高406.94036.86.436.833.65.933.630.45.330.427.24.827.2244.32420.83.720.817.63.217.6走兽(见表注)宽厚高22.111.0436.820.1610.O833.618.249.1230.416.328.1627.214.47.22412.486.2420.810.565,2817.68.644.3214.4吻下当沟长宽度38.427.22.5636.825.62.5633.62122.428.316.52.2426.7151.922414.519.22213.51.620.4131.6托泥当沟长宽厚38.42
12、7.22.5636.825.62.5633.6212.2428.316.52.2426.7151.922414.519.22213.51.620.4131.6平口条长宽高329.922.2430.49.282.2428.88.641.9227.281.9225.67.361.6246.41.622.45.441.2820.84.481.28压当条长宽高329.922.2430.49.282.2428.88.641.9227.281.9225.67.361.6246.41.622.45.441.2820.84.481.28正当沟长宽厚38.427.22.5636.825.62.5633.6212
13、.2428.316.52.2426.7151.922414.51.922213.51.620.4131.6续表24-3(2)名 称样 数二样三样四样五样六样七样八样九样斜当沟长宽高54.427.22.5651.225.62.5646212.243916.52.2437151.923214.51.923013.51.628.8131.6套兽(见表注)长宽高30.430.430.428.828.828.825.225.225.223.623.623.622222217.317.317.316161612.612.612.6博脊连砖长宽高五样以上无4022.4836.816.57.533.61373
14、0.4106.5承奉博脊连砖长宽高52.824.321749.6241646.423.681443.223.3613六样以下无挂尖长宽高52.824.322949.6242746.423.682443.223.36224022.416.536.816.51533.6131430.41013博脊瓦长宽高52.830.47.549.628.8746.427.26.543.225.6640245.536.822.4533.620.84.530.419.24博通脊(围脊筒子)长宽高89.63233.683.228.83276.827.231.3670.42426.885621.442446.420.8
15、23.6833.619.2173217.615满面砖长宽高51.251.26.O848485.7644.844.85.4441.641.65.1238.438.44.835.235.24.4832324.1628.828.838.4蹬脚瓦长宽高4020.810.436.819.29.635.217.68.833.616830.414.47.227.212.86.42411.25.620.89.64.8勾 头长宽高43.220.810.44019.29.636.817.68.835.21683214.47.230.412.86.428.811.25.627.29.64.8滴 子长宽高43.235
16、.217.641.632164030.414.438.427.212.835.225.611.23222.49.630.420.8828.819.26.4筒 瓦长宽高4020.810.436.819.29.635.217.68.833.616830.414.47.228.812.86.427.211.25.625.69.64.8板瓦长宽高43.235.27.0440326.7238.430.46.0836.827.25.4433.625.64.83222.44.1630.420.83.228.819.22.88合角吻高宽长105.673.673.69667.267.289.6646476.85
17、4.454.460.841.641.63222.422.422.415.6815.6819.213.4413.44合角剑把长宽厚30.46.O82.128.35.762.025.65.441.9222.45.121.7619.24.81.69.64.481.66.44.161.285.443.840.96注:背兽长宽至眉毛。垂兽、戗兽高量至尾毛,宽指身宽。仙人高量至鸡的眉毛;走兽高自筒瓦上皮量至眉毛。套兽长量至尾毛。 清中期以前,六样板瓦宽为24cm,与近代出入较大。文物建筑修缮时应特别注意。24-1-4 石 料24-1-4-1石料的种类1.青白石青白石是一个含义较广的名词。同为青白石,有时颜
18、色和花纹等相差很大,因此,它们又有着各自不同的名称,如:青石、白石、青石白碴、砖碴石、豆瓣绿、艾叶青等等。青白石质地较硬、质感细腻,不易风化。多用于宫殿建筑和较讲究的建筑,还可用于带雕刻的石活。2.汉白玉汉白玉石料根据不同的质感,往往又被细分为“水白”、“旱白”、“雪花白”、“青白”四种。汉白玉具有洁白晶莹的质感,质地较软,石纹细,因此适于雕刻,多用于宫殿建筑中带雕刻的石活。与青白石相比,汉白玉虽然更加漂亮,但其强度及耐风化、耐腐蚀的能力均不如青白石。3.花岗石花岗石的种类很多,因产地和质感的不同,有很多名称。南方出产的花岗石主要有麻石、金山石和焦山石。北方出产的花岗石多称为豆渣石或虎皮石。其
19、中呈黄褐色者多称为虎皮石,其余可统称为豆渣石。花岗石的质地坚硬,不易风化,适于用做护岸、地面等,在地方(民间)建筑中,也用做台基和阶条。由于石纹粗糙,不易雕刻,因此不适用于高级石雕制品。4.青砂石青砂石又叫砂石,呈青绿色,多用于小式建筑中。青砂石因产地不同,质量相差较大,带有片状层理的,质量较差。在同一建筑中,常需要根据部位的不同而选择不同的石料。以石桥为例,桥面以下宜使用质地坚硬、不怕水浸的花岗石,桥面部分可使用质地坚硬、质感细腻的青白石。石栏杆则多选用洁白晶莹的汉白玉。24-1-4-2 石料挑选方法1.石料的常见缺陷石料的常见缺陷是:裂缝、隐残(即石料内部有裂缝)、纹理不顺、污点、红白线、
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