【社媒营销分析报告】美国社交媒体及青年精神卫生报告-英.docx

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1、SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthTheU.S.SurgeonGenerasAdvisoryContentsAbouttheAdvisory3SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealth4SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpacts5onChildrenandAdolescentsThePotentialBenefitsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescents6ThePotentialHarmsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandA

2、dolescents6WhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:8ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidencePotentialRiskofHarmfromContentExposure8PotentialRiskofHarmfromExcessiveandProblematicUse9CriticalQuestionsRemainUnanswered11KnownEvidenceGaps11WeMustTakeAction:AWayForward13WhatPolicymakersCanDo15WhatTechnologyCo

3、mpaniesCanDo16WhatParentsandCaregiversCanDo17WhatChildrenandAdolescentsCanDo18WhatResearchersCanDo19Acknowledgments20Endnotes21AbouttheAdvisoryASurgeonGenerasAdvisoryisapublicstatementthatcallstheAmericanpeople,sattentiontoanurgentpublichealthissueandprovidesrecommendationsforhowitshouldbeaddressed.

4、Advisoriesarereservedforsignificantpublichealthchallengesthatrequirethenation,simmediateawarenessandaction.ThisAdvisorycallsattentiontothegrowingconcernsabouttheeffectsofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.Itexploresanddescribesthecurrentevidenceonthepositiveandnegativeimpactsofsocialmediaonchildrenandad

5、olescents,someoftheprimaryareasformentalhealthandwell-beingconcerns,andopportunitiesforadditionalresearchtohelpunderstandthefullscopeandscaleofsocialmedia,simpact.Thisdocumentisnotanexhaustivereviewoftheliterature.Rather,itwasdevelopedthroughasubstantialreviewoftheavailableevidence,primarilyfoundvia

6、electronicsearchesofresearcharticlespublishedinEnglishandresourcessuggestedbyawiderangeofsubjectmatterexperts,withprioritygivento,butnotlimitedto,meta-analysesandsystematicliteraturereviews.Italsooffersactionablerecommendationsfortheinstitutionsthatcanshapeonlineenvironments-policymakersandtechnolog

7、ycompanies-aswellasforwhatparentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,andresearcherscando.ForadditionalbackgroundandtoreadotherSurgeonGeneralsAdvisories,visitSurgeonGenera1.govSocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthSocialmedia1usebyyouthisnearlyuniversal.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportusingasocialmediaplatform,withmoret

8、hanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaualmostconstantly/2Althoughage13iscommonlytherequiredminimumageusedbysocialmediaplatformsintheU.S.,3nearly40%ofchildrenages8-12usesocialmedia.4Despitethiswidespreaduseamongchildrenandadolescents,robustindependentsafetyanalysesontheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthhavenotyet

9、beenconducted.Thereareincreasingconcernsamongresearchers,parentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,healthcareexperts,andothersabouttheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.56Moreresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheimpactofsocialmedia;however,thecurrentbodyofevidenceindicatesthatwhilesocialmediamayhavebenefi

10、tsforsomechildrenandadolescents,thereareampleindicatorsthatsocialmediacanalsohaveaprofoundriskofharmtothementalhealthandwell-beingofchildrenandadolescents.Atthistime,wedonotyethaveenoughevidencetodetermineifsocialmediaissufficientlysafeforchildrenandadolescents.Wemustacknowledgethegrowingbodyofresea

11、rchaboutpotentialharms,increaseourcollectiveunderstandingoftherisksassociatedwithsocialmediause,andurgentlytakeactiontocreatesafeandhealthydigitalenvironmentsthatminimizeharmandsafeguardchildren,sandadolescents1mentalhealthandwell-beingduringcriticalstagesOfdevelopment.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportu

12、singasocialmediaplatform,withmorethanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaHalmostconstantly.,SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsTheinfluenceofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealthisshapedbymanycomplexfactors,including,butnotlimitedto,theamountoftimechildrenandadolescentsspendonpla

13、tforms,thetypeofcontenttheyconsumeorareotherwiseexposedto,theactivitiesandinteractionssocialmediaaffords,andthedegreetowhichitdisruptsactivitiesthatareessentialforhealthlikesleepandphysicalactivity.6Importantly,differentchildrenandadolescentsareaffectedbysocialmediaindifferentways,basedontheirindivi

14、dualstrengthsandvulnerabilities,andbasedoncultural,historical,andsocio-economicfactors.718Thereisbroadagreementamongthescientificcommunitythatsocialmediahasthepotentialtobothbenefitandharmchildrenandadolescents.69Braindevelopmentisacriticalfactortoconsiderwhenassessingtheriskforharm.Adolescents,ages

15、10to19,areundergoingahighlysensitiveperiodofbraindevelopment.10-11Thisisaperiodwhenrisk-takingbehaviorsreachtheirpeak,whenwell-beingexperiencesthegreatestfluctuations,andwhenmentalhealthchallengessuchasdepressiontypicallyemerge.12-1314Furthermore,inearlyadolescence,whenidentitiesandsenseofself-worth

16、areforming,braindevelopmentisespeciallysusceptibletosocialpressures,peeropinions,andpeercomparison.1113Frequentsocialmediausemaybeassociatedwithdistinctchangesinthedevelopingbrainintheamygdala(importantforemotionallearningandbehavior)andtheprefrontalcortex(importantforimpulsecontrol,emotionalregulat

17、ion,andmoderatingsocialbehavior),andcouldincreasesensitivitytosocialrewardsandpunishments.1516Assuch,adolescentsmayexperienceheightenedemotionalsensitivitytothecommunicativeandinteractivenatureofsocialmedia.16Adolescentsocialmediauseispredictiveofasubsequentdecreaseinlifesatisfactionforcertaindevelo

18、pmentalstagesincludingforgirls11-13yearsoldandboys14-15yearsold.17Becauseadolescenceisavulnerableperiodofbraindevelopment,socialmediaexposureduringthisperiodwarrantsadditionalscrutiny.SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsThePotentialBenefitsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildre

19、nandAdolescentsSocialmediacanprovidebenefitsforsomeyouthbyprovidingpositivecommunityandconnectionwithotherswhoshareidentities,abilities,andinterests.Itcanprovideaccesstoimportantinformationandcreateaspaceforself-expression.9Theabilitytoformandmaintainfriendshipsonlineanddevelopsocialconnectionsaream

20、ongthepositiveeffectsofsocialmediauseforyouth.1819TheserelationshipscanaffordopportunitiestohavepositiveinteractionswithmorediversepeergroupsthanareavailabletothemOfflineandcanprovideimportantsocialsupporttoyouth.18Thebufferingeffectsagainststressthatonlinesocialsupportfrompeersmayprovidecanbeespeci

21、allyimportantforyouthwhoareoftenmarginalized,includingracial,ethnic,andsexualandgenderminorities.2012122Forexample,studieshaveshownthatsocialmediamaysupportthementalhealthandwell-beingoflesbian,gay,bisexual,asexual,transgender,queer,intersexandotheryouthsbyenablingpeerconnection,identitydevelopmenta

22、ndmanagement,andsocialsupport.23Sevenoutoftenadolescentgirlsofcolorreportencounteringpositiveoridentity-affirmingcontentrelatedtoraceacrosssocialmediaplatforms.24Amajorityofadolescentsreportthatsocialmediahelpsthemfeelmoreaccepted(58%),liketheyhavepeoplewhocansupportthemthroughtoughtimes(67%),liketh

23、eyhaveaplacetoshowtheircreativeside(71%),andmoreconnectedtowhat,sgoingonintheirfriends,lives(80%).25Inaddition,researchsuggeststhatsocialmedia-basedandotherdigitally-basedmentalhealthinterventionsmayalsobehelpfulforsomechildrenandadolescentsbypromotinghelp-seekingbehaviorsandservingasagatewaytoiniti

24、atingmentalhealthcare.826272829ThePotentialHarmsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescentsOverthelastdecade,evidencehasemergedidentifyingreasonsforconcernaboutthepotentialnegativeimpactofsocialmediaonchildrenandadolescents.AlongitudinalcohortstudyofU.S.adolescentsaged12-15(n=6,595)thatadjustedforba

25、selinementalhealthstatusfoundthatadolescentswhospentmorethan3hoursperdayonsocialmediafaceddoubletheriskofexperiencingpoormentalhealthoutcomesincludingsymptomsofdepressionandanxiety.30SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsAsof2021,8thand10thgradersnowspendanaverageof3.5h

26、oursperdayonsocialmedia.31InauniquenaturalexperimentthatleveragedthestaggeredintroductionofasocialmediaplatformacrossU.S.colleges,theroll-outoftheplatformwasassociatedwithanincreaseindepression(9%overbaseline)andanxiety(12%overbaseline)amongcollege-agedyouth(n=359,827observations).32Thestudysco-auth

27、oralsonotedthatwhenappliedacrosstheentiretyoftheU.S.collegepopulation,theintroductionofthesocialmediaplatformmayhavecontributedtomorethan300,000newcasesOfdepression.32133Ifsuchsizableeffectsoccurredincollege-agedyouth,thesefindingsraiseseriousconcernsabouttheriskofharmfromsocialmediaexposureforchild

28、renandadolescentswhoareatamorevulnerablestageofbraindevelopment.1.imitsontheuseofsocialmediahaveresultedinmentalhealthbenefitsforyoungadultsandadults.Asmall,randomizedcontrolledtrialincollege-agedyouthfoundthatlimitingsocialmediauseto30minutesdailyOverthreeweeksledtosignificantimprovementsindepressi

29、onseverity.34Thiseffectwasparticularlylargeforthosewithhighbaselinelevelsofdepressionwhosawanimprovementindepressionscoresbymorethan35%.35Anotherrandomizedcontrolledtrialamongyoungadultsandadultsfoundthatdeactivationofasocialmediaplatformforfourweeksimprovedsubjectivewell-being(i.e.,self-reportedhap

30、piness,lifesatisfaction,depression,andanxiety)byabout25-40%oftheeffectofpsychologicalinterventionslikeself-helptherapy,grouptraining,andindividualtherapy.36Inadditiontotheserecentstudies,correlationalresearchonassociationsbetweensocialmediauseandmentalhealthhasindicatedreasonforconcernandfurtherinve

31、stigation.Thesestudiespointtoahigherrelativeconcernofharminadolescentgirlsandthosealreadyexperiencingpoormentalhealth,37,38.39aswasforPartiCUlarhealthoutcomeslikecyberbullying-relateddepression,40bodyimageanddisorderedeatingbehaviors,41andpoorsleepqualitylinkedtosocialmediause.42Forexample,astudycon

32、ductedamong14-year-olds(n=10,904)foundthatgreatersocialmediausepredictedpoorsleep,onlineharassment,poorbodyimage,lowself-esteem,andhigherdepressivesymptomscoreswithalargerassociationforgirlsthanboys.43Amajorityofparentsofadolescentssaytheyaresomewhat,very,orextremelyworriedthattheirchildsuseofsocial

33、mediacouldleadtoproblemswithanxietyordepression(53%),lowerself-esteem(54%),beingharassedorbulliedbyothers(54%),feelingpressuredtoactacertainway(59%)1andexposuretoexplicitcontent(71%).44WhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceScientificevidencesuggeststhatharmfulco

34、ntentexposureaswellasexcessiveandproblematicsocialmediauseareprimaryareasforconcern.PotentialRiskofHarmfromContentExposureExtreme,inappropriate,andharmfulcontentcontinuestobeeasilyandwidelyaccessiblebychildrenandadolescents.Thiscanbespreadthroughdirectpushes,unwantedcontentexchanges,andalgorithmicde

35、signs.Incertaintragiccases,childhooddeathshavebeenlinkedtosuicide-andself-harm-relatedcontentandrisk-takingchallengesonsocialmediaplatforms.45-46Thiscontentmaybeespeciallyriskyforchildrenandadolescentswhoarealreadyexperiencingmentalhealthdifficulties.47Despitesocialmediaprovidingasenseofcommunityfor

36、some,asystematicreviewofmorethantwodozenstudiesfoundthatsomesocialmediaplatformsshowlivedepictionsofself-harmactslikepartialasphyxiation,leadingtoseizures,andcutting,leadingtosignificantbleeding.48Further,thesestudiesfoundthatdiscussingorshowingthiscontentcannormalizesuchbehaviors,includingthroughth

37、eformationofsuicidepactsandpostingofself-harmmodelsforotherstofollow.Socialmediamayalsoperpetuatebodydissatisfaction,disorderedeatingbehaviors,socialcomparison,andlowself-esteem,especiallyamongadolescentgirls.49-505152Asynthesisof20studiesdemonstratedasignificantrelationshipbetweensocialmediauseandb

38、odyimageconcernsandeatingdisorders,withsocialcomparisonasapotentialcontributingfactor.41Socialcomparisondrivenbysocialmediaisassociatedwithbodydissatisfaction,disorderedeating,anddepressivesymptoms.53-545556Whenaskedabouttheimpactofsocialmediaontheirbodyimage,nearlyhalf(46%)ofadolescentsaged13-17sai

39、dsocialmediamakesthemfeelworse,40%saiditmakesthemfeelneitherbetternorworse,andonly14%saiditmakesthemfeelbetter.57Additionally,roughlytwo-thirds(64%)ofadolescentsare“oftenor“sometimes”exposedtohate-basedcontent.58Amongadolescentgirlsofcolor,one-thirdormorereportexposuretoracistcontentorlanguageonsoci

40、almediaplatformsWhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceatleastmonthly.24Inareviewof36studies,aconsistentrelationshipwasfoundbetweencyberbullyingviasocialmediaanddepressionamongchildrenandadolescents,40withadolescentfemalesandsexualminorityyouthmorelikelytoreporte

41、xperiencingincidentsofcyberbullying.5960Nearly75%Ofadolescentssaysocialmediasitesareonlydoingafairtopoorjobofaddressingonlineharassmentandcyberbullying.61Inaddition,socialmediaplatformscanbesitesforpredatorybehaviorsandinteractionswithmaliciousactorswhotargetchildrenandadolescents(e.g.,adultsseeking

42、tosexuallyexploitchildren,tofinanciallyextortthemthroughthethreatoractualdistributionofintimateimages,ortosellillicitlymanufacturedfentanyl).626364AdoIescentgirlsandtransgenderyoutharedisproportionatelyimpactedbyonlineharassmentandabuse,whichisassociatedwithnegativeemotionalimpacts(e.g.,feelingsad,a

43、nxiousorworried).65-66Nearly6-in-10adolescentgirlssaythey,vebeencontactedbyastrangeroncertainsocialmediaplatformsinwaysthatmakethemfeeluncomfortable.24PotentialRiskofHarmfromExcessiveandProblematicUseExcessiveandproblematicuseofsocialmediacanharmchildrenandadolescentsbydisruptingimportanthealthybeha

44、viors.Socialmediaplatformsareoftendesignedtomaximizeuserengagement,whichhasthepotentialtoencourageexcessiveuseandbehavioraldysregulation.67686970Pushnotifications,autoplay,infinitescroll,quantifyinganddisplayingpopularity(i.e.,*likes,),andalgorithmsthatleverageuserdatatoservecontentrecommendationsar

45、esomeexamplesofthesefeaturesthatmaximizeengagement.Accordingtoonerecentmodel,nearlyathird(31%)ofsocialmediausemaybeattributabletoself-controlchallengesmagnifiedbyhabitformation.71Further,someresearchersbelievethatsocialmediaexposurecanoverstimulatetherewardcenterinthebrainand,whenthestimulationbecom

46、esexcessive,cantriggerpathwayscomparabletoaddiction.68-72Smallstudieshaveshownthatpeoplewithfrequentandproblematicsocialmediausecanexperiencechangesinbrainstructuresimilartochangesseeninindividualswithsubstanceuseorgamblingaddictions.73-74Inanationallyrepresentativesurveyofgirlsaged11-15,one-thirdor

47、moresaytheyfeel“addicted”toasocialmediaplatform.24OverhalfofteenagersreportthatitwouldbehardtogiveWhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceupsocialmedia.2Nearly3-in-4teenagersbelievethattechnologycompaniesmanipulateuserstospendmoretimeontheirdevices.68Inaddition,ac

48、cordingtoasurveyof8thand1Othgraders,theaveragetimespentonsocialmediais3.5hoursperday,1-in-4spend5+hoursperdayand1-in-7spend7+hoursperdayonsocialmedia.31Excessiveandproblematicsocialmediause,suchascompulsiveoruncontrollableuse,hasbeenlinkedtosleepproblems,attentionproblems,andfeelingsofexclusionamong

49、adolescents.43-7576-77Sleepisessentialforthehealthydevelopmentofadolescents.Asystematicreviewof42studiesontheeffectsofexcessivesocialmediausefoundaconsistentrelationshipbetweensocialmediauseandpoorsleepquality,reducedsleepduration,sleepdifficulties,anddepressionamongyouth.42Poorsleephasbeenlinkedtoalteredneurologicaldevelopmentinadolescentbrains,depressivesymptoms,andsuicidalthoughtsandbehaviors.78-79-80Onatypicalweekday,nearly1-in