2024世界经济论坛-缩小女性健康差距：1万亿美元改善生活和经济的机会（英）.docx

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1、WOR1.DECONOMICFQRUMIncollaborationwiththeMcKinseyHealthInstituteClosingtheWome5sHealthGap:A$1TrillionOpportunitytoImprove1.ivesandEconomiesINSIGHTREPORTJANUARY2024Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3Executivesummary4Introduction51. Theroleofscienceinaddressinghealthdisparities92. Datagapsunderestimat

2、ewomenshealthburden,limitinginnovationandinvestment133. Creatingsex-andgender-responsivecaredeliverysystems164. Directinginvestmentstowardswomen,shealth205. Closingthewomenshealthgapcouldbsttheglobaleconomy246. Calltoaction:Howtoclosethewomenshealthgap30Conclusion34Contributors35Endnotes36Disclaimer

3、ThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEnomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum

4、,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.2024WorldEomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotopyigandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.January2024ClosingtheWomensHealthGap:A$1TrillionOpportunit

5、ytoImprove1.ivesandEconomiesForeword1.ucyP6rezSeniorPartner.McKinsey&Company;Affiliated1.eader,McKinseyHealthInstitute,USAShyamHeadCentreHealthM(Hiit)C-Ioflh(?，eCji-IHWurldForum，Foralltheeffortstoimprovegenderequityoverthepastcentury,thegapbetweenmenshealthandwomenshealthremainswide,whetheritsinrese

6、arch,data,careorinvestment.Andeverypersonontheplanetisaffectedbythewomenshealthgap,whethertheyknowitornot.Whenweconsidertheimpactofclosingthegap,wearenotjusttalkingaboutwomenslives,butthoseofpeoplewelove,ourcommunitiesandtheworldatlarge.Weknowit,spossibletoreachequityinhealthformenandwomen.Inthisrep

7、ort,ClosingtheWomensHealthGap:A$1TrillionOpportunitytoImprove1.ivesandEconomies,werepleasedtoshowcasehowthenarrowingofthewomenshealthgapwouldallow3.9billionwomentolivehealthier,higher-qualitylives.Itcouldalsoallowatleast$1trilliontobepumpedintoenomicproductivityannually,whichreflectshownarrowingtheg

8、apwouldleadtofewerearlydeaths,fewerhealthnditions,extendedeconomicandsocietalcapacitytocontribute,andincreasedproductivity.Ofthat,thelargestimpactwouldbecreatedfromwomenhavingfewerhealthconditions,lettingthemavoid24millionlifeyearslostduetodisabilityandboostingeconomicproductivitybyupto$400billion.W

9、omenshealthencompassesmorethanwomen-Specificconditions,andachievinghealthequityispossiblewithintentional,coordinatedefforts.Whiletherearemanyways,largeandsmall,forawiderangeoforganizationstoimprovewomenshealth,specificactionscouldcreatemeaningfulimpact.Amongtheseareinvestinginwomen-centricresearch;c

10、ollectingandanalysingsex-,ethnicity-andgender-specificdata;enhancingaccesstogenderspecificcare;creatingincentivesfornewfinancingmodels;andestablishingbusinesspoliciesthatsupportwomenshealthandstrengthenwomensrepresentationindecision-making.Weinviteleadersfromthepublic,socialandprivatesectorstoreview

11、thisreportandfindwaystobringtheirowncontributionstofillingthegapinwomenshealthoutlinedhere.Weareexcitedtoseerecentmomentuminaddressingthisgap,suchasthedebutoftheWomensHealthInnovationOpportunityMap;,therecentcreationoftheWhiteHouseInitiativeonWomensHealthResearch;thelaunchoftheWomen,sHealthInterestG

12、roupfromtheEuropeanInstituteofWomensHealth;andnewsthatAustraliaisontracktobecomeoneofthefirstcountriestoeliminatecervicalcancer.Inthismulti-yearresearcheffort,theanalysisbacksuponeofthecorebeliefsofeveryoneinvolved:thatweallhavearoletoplayinimprovingwomenslives.AsNobelPrizewinnerMalalaYousafzaionces

13、aid,Wecannotsucceedwhenhalfofusareheldback.ExecutivesummaryInvestmentsaddressingthewome,shealthgapcouldaddyearstolifeandlifetoyears-andpotentiallyboosttheglobaleconomyby$1trillionannuallyby2040.Whendiscussingthechallengesinwomenshealth,acommonrejoinderisthatwomen,2onaverage,livelongerthanmen.Butthis

14、neglectsthefactthatwomenspend25%moreoftheirlivesindebilitatinghealth.Addressingthegapsandshortcomingsinwomenshealthcouldreducethetimewomenspendinpoorhealthbyalmosttwo-thirds.Thishasthepotentialtohelp3.9billionwomenlivehealthier,higher-qualitylivesbyaddinganaverageofsevendaysofhealthylivingforeachwom

15、anannually,addinguptopotentiallymorethan500daysoverawomanslifetime.Beyondthesocietalimpactsofhealthierwomen,includingmoreprogressionineducationandIntergenerationalbenefits,3improvingwomenshealthcouldalsoenablewomentoparticipateintheworkforcemoreactively.Thiswouldpotentiallyboosttheeconomybyatleast$1

16、trillionannuallyby2040.Theseestimates-whilesignificant-arelikelyanunderestimationgivendatalimitations.Inthisreport,womenshealthisdefinedasbiologicalconditionsandgeneralhealthconditionsthatoftenaffectwomenuniquely,differentlyordisproportionately.Therearemanyeffortstoimprovewomenshealthglobally;howeve

17、r,thisreportfocusesontheeconomicimplicationsofthewomenshealthgapandthebusinesscaseforclosingit.TherootcausesofthegapTherearefourprimaryareasthatneedtobeaddressedtoclosethehealthgap:1. Science:Thestudyofhumanbiologydefaultstothemalebody,whichhindersunderstandingofsex-basedbiologicaldifferencesandresu

18、ltsinfeweravailableandlesseffectivetreatmentsforwomen.2. Data:Healthburdensforwomenaresystematicallyunderestimated,withdatasetsthatexcludeorundervalueimportantnditions.3. Caredelivery:Womenaremorelikelytofacebarrierstocare,andexperiencediagnosticdelaysand/orSuboptimaltreatment.4. Investment:Therehas

19、beenlowerinvestmentinwomenshealthconditionsrelativetotheirprevalence.Thisdrivesareinforcingcycleofweakerscientificunderstandingaboutwomensbodiesandlimiteddatatode-risknewinvestment.Thesefactorsplayoutinmanydifferentwaysandtovaryingextentsacrossregionsandincomelevels.However,theevidencesuggeststhatno

20、geographicregionoragegroupisunaffected.ChartingthewayforwardMovingforwardrequiresunderstandingthebroadereffectsofthewomenshealthgap,anddrivingactiononfivefronts:-Investinwomen-centricresearchacrosstheresearchanddevelopment(R&D)continuumtofillthegapsinunder-researched,oftenundiagnosedwomen-specificco

21、nditions(forexample,endometriosis,andpregnancyandmaternalhealthcomplications),aswellasdiseasesaffectingwomendifferentlyand/ordisproportionately(forexample,cardiovasculardisease).-Strengthenthesystematiccollection,analysisandreportingofsex-andgender-specificdatatoestablishamoreaccuraterepresentationo

22、fwomenshealthburdenandevaluatetheimpactofdifferentinterventions.- Increaseaccesstowomen-specificcareinallareas,frompreventiontotreatment.- Createincentivesforinvestmentinareasofwomenshealthinnovationanddevelopnewfinancingmodels.- Implementpoliciessupportingwomenshealth,suchasacademicinstitutionsadap

23、tingmedicalschoolcurriculaandemployerscreatingpregnancy-andmenopause-friendlyworkspaces.Anecosystemapproach,involvingmulti-sectoralstakeholders,isneededtoaccomplishthesegoals.Itispossibletocreatebetterhealthforwomen,allowinggreaterworkforceparticipationand,mostimportantly,theabilitytolivehealthierli

24、ves.IntroductionWomenspend25%moretimeinupoorhealthnthanmen.Overthepasttwocenturies,theriseinlifeexpectancy-forbothmenandwomen-hasbeenatremendoussuccessstory.Globallifeexpectancyincreasedfrom30yearsto73yearsbetween1800and2018.4Butthisisnotthefullpicture.Womenspendmoreoftheirlivesinpoorhealthandwithde

25、greesofdisability(thehealthspanratherthantheuIifespan).Awomanwillspendanaverageofnineyearsinpoorhealth,affectingherabilitytobepresentand/orproductiveathome,intheworkforceandinthecommunity,andreducingherearningpotential.BOX1:TerminologyThisreportreflectswomenshealthasamarketsegment.Theauthorsacknowle

26、dgetheimportanceofhealthcaretothetransgender,non-binaryandgender-fluidcommunities,andthatnotallpeoplewhoidentifyaswomenarebornbiologicallyfemale.Theauthorshaveoftenusedthetermsexandgendertoreflectinclusivelanguageandrecognizetheneedforfutureresearchintohealthissuesthatisinclusiveofthetransgender,non

27、-binaryandgender-fluidcommunities.Theyalsoacknowledgetheprofounddifferencesforwomenbasedonfactorssuchasrace,ethnicity,socioeconomicstatus,disability,ageandsexualorientation.Additionalworkandresearchshouldreflecthowtotacklethesebarriersalongsidetheoverallwomen,shealthgap.Inthisreport,thetermwomanincl

28、udesthoseunderage18.BuildingonpreviousworkfromtheMcKinseyHealthInstituteandtheMcKinseyGlobalInstituteanalystsquantifiedthishealthgapintermsofdisability-adjustedlifeyears(DA1.Ys),andtheextenttowhichthisdifferenceisduetotheStructuraIZsystematicbarrierswomenface(Box2,Researchmethodology).Addressingthe2

29、5%moretimespentinapoorhealthbywomenversusmenwouldnotonlyimprovethehealthandlivesofmillionsofwomen,butitcouldalsoboosttheglobaleconomybyatleast$1trillionannuallyby2040.Thisestimateisprobablyconservative,giventhehistoricalunder-reportinganddatagapsonwomenshealthconditions,whichbothundercounttheprevale

30、nceandundervaluethehealthburdenofmanyconditionsforwomen.Critically,betterhealthiscorrelatedwitheconomicprosperity.Thewomenshealthgapequatesto75millionyearsoflifelostduetopoorhealthorearlydeathperyear(Figure1),theequivalentofsevendaysperwomanperyear.Addressingthegapcouldgeneratetheequivalentimpactof1

31、37millionwomenaccessingfull-timepositionsby2040.7Thishasthepotentialtoliftwomenoutofpovertyandallowmorewomentoprovideforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Addressingthedriversofthisgap,namelylowereffectivenessoftreatmentsforwomen,worsecaredeliveryandlackofdata,wouldrequiresubstantialinvestment,butalsoreflec

32、tnewmarketopportunities.Whileimprovingwomenshealthhaspositiveeconomicoutcomes,itisforemostanissueofhealthequityandinclusivity.Addressingthewomenshealthgapcouldimprovethequalityoflifeforwomen,aswellascreatingpositiveripplesinsociety,suchasimprovingfuturegenerationshealthandboostinghealthyageing.FIGUR

33、E1:Thewomen,shealthgap2040Genderhealthgapof75millionDA1.YsEquivalenttosevendaysperwomanperyearofadditionalhealthburdenGenderhealthgapEffectivenessgapCaredeliverygapDatagapNote:Missedvaluefromundercountingwascalculatedbyaddingtheunderestimateddiseaseburdenforendometriosis(differencebetweenrealendomet

34、riosisdiseaseburdenbasedonWHOprevalenceandIHMEdiseaseweightandIHMEreportedendometriosesburden)andmenopause(differencebetweenrealdiseaseburdenbasedonprevalencesizingandPMSdiseaseweight).Source:UniversityofWashingtonsInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2019,womenshealthmod

35、el,usedwithpermissionThechallengeswomenfacewhenseekinghealthcareplayoutinmultipledifferentwaysandindifferentdiseasesandsectorsofsiety.Whenlookingatthepotentialeconomicimpactofaddressingthesechallenges,allagegroupsandgeographiescouldbenefit,withmostofthepotentialcomingfromwomenintheworkingagegroup(Fi

36、gure2).FIGURE2Women,shealthgapandGDPimpactbyagegroupsAgegroupAdditionalhealthylifeyears1livedin2040,inDA1.YmillionsWomensGDPimpactbyagegroup,GDPimpactin$billions102030405060708090+Total01659.09.31.02580%oftheGDPimpactgeneratedinworkingagegroupAround60%ofadditionalhealthy；lifeyearsgainedinworkingage9

37、.711.Additionalhealthylifeyearsofwomenbyclosingthegenderhealthgapby2040.Source:UniversityofWashingtonsInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,usedwithpermission;OxfordEconomics;International1.abourOrganizationI1.OSTATdatabase:OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD);Eurostat;NationalTr

38、ansferAccountsproject:McKinseyGlobalInstituteanalysisEmbracingthefulldefinitionofwomen,shealthWomenshealthisoftensimplifiedtoincludeonlysexualandreproductivehealth(SRH),whichmeaningfullyunder-representswomenshealthburden.Thisreportdefineswomenshealthsascoveringbothsex-specificconditions(forexample,e

39、ndometriosisandmenopause)andgeneralhealthconditionsthatmayaffectwomendifferently(higherdiseaseburden)ordisproportionately(higherprevalence).ResearchshowsthatSRHandmaternal,newbornandchildhealth(MNCH)accountforapproximately5%ofwomenshealthburden,9althoughthisisprobablyanunderestimate.Anadditionalesti

40、mated56%oftheburdenisduetohealthconditionsthataremoreprevalentand/ormanifestdifferentlyinwomen.Theremaining43%arefromconditionsthatdonotaffectwomendisproportionatelyordifferently(Figure3).Womenaremostlikelytobeaffectedbyasex-specificconditionbetweentheagesof15and50.Otherconditionsoccurthroughoutwome

41、nslives,butnearlyhalfofthehealthburdenaffectswomenintheirworkingyears,whichoftenhasanimpactontheirabilitytoearnmoneyandsupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies(Figure4).Totalglobalwomen,shealthburdenBreakdownofconditions,%43%areconditionsthatneitheraffectwomendisproportionatelynordifferently(e.g.ischaemich

42、eartdisease,tuberculosis)47%arerelatedtoconditionsthataftectwomendisproportionately(e.g.headachedisorders,autoimmunedisease,depression)4%arerelatedtoconditionsthataffectwomendifferently(e.g.atrialfibrillation,colonCanCeij25%arerelatedtowomen-Specificconditions(maternalandgynaecological)343%47%4%5%To

43、talglobalwomenssuffering1.Conditionsthataffectwomendisproportionatelyaredefinedasconditionswithahigherprevalenceinwomencomparetomenbutnotahigherdiseaseburdenpercase.2.Conditionsthataffectwomendifferentlyaredefinedasconditionswithahigherdiseaseburdenpercaseinwomencomparedtomen.3.Includingmaternalndit

44、ionssuchasmaternalhaemorrhage,maternalsepsisandothermaternalinfections,hypertensivedisordersofpregnancy,obstructedlabouranduterinerupture,abortionandmiscarriage,ectopicpregnancy,indirectmaternaldeaths,latematernaldeaths,maternaldeathsaggravatedbyHIV/AIDS,gyae-logicaldiseasessuchasuterinefibroids,pol

45、ycysticovariansyndrome,womensinfertility,endometriosis,genitalprolapse,premenstrualsyndromeandwomen,s-specificcancerssuchasuterinecancer,ovariancancerandcervicalcancer.Source:McKinseyanalysisbasedontheUniversityofWashingtonsInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2019,womens

46、healthmodel,usedwithpermissionFIGURE4:HowhealthburdensaffectwomenovertheirlivesNearly50%ofburdenaffectswomenofworkingageA0-1920-6465+，1.In2016theaveragepensionageforawomanretiringthatyearwas63.7years.Source:DiseaseburdenfromUniversityofWashingtonsInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,*GlobalBurdeno

47、fDiseaseStudy2019,usedwithpermission;OECD,CurrentRetirementAges.PensionsataGlance,OECDandG20Indicators.OECDPublishing,2017Pregnancycomplicationscanincreaseriskforchronicillnesses(forexample,gestationalhypertensioncanportendchronichypertension,10andwomenwhohavehadgestationaldiabeteshavea50%riskofdeve

48、lopingtype2diabetes7-10yearsafterthebirthofthechild).nGoodmaternalhealthhelpsthemotherandbaby,withbenefitsextendingbeyondpregnancyandbirth.Healthequityencompassesaccesstotheinterventionsandoptionsthatarerightforeachindividual,regardlessoftheirgender,sex,sexualidentity,sexualorientation,age,race,ethnicity,religion,disability,education,incomeleveloranyotherdistinguishingcharacteristic.Forwomen,thiscan