抢分法宝 01 阅读理解题（解析版）.docx

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1、秘籍Ol阅读理解目录阅读理解【高考预测】阅读理解概率预测+题型预测+考向预测01【思维导图】阅读理解考点考向思维导图02【应试秘籍】阅读理解常考点及应对的策略02【误区点拨】阅读理解点拨常见的易错点03【抢分通关】阅读理解押题新高考方向，讲解通关策略（含新考法）09高考预测概率预测题型预测细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题考向预测体裁：应用文1篇、细节理解题7-8题、记叙文0-1篇、说明文1-3篇、议论文OJ篇推理判断题7-9题、主旨大意题1-2题、词义猜测题1题应试秘籍秘籍：高考意义阅读弄清文体类型，可以把握文体结构和写作特征，快速、准确地把握作者的写作思路、理解作者的写作意图。

2、高考意义阅读有应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文。记叙文又可细分为小说、新闻报道、人物传记等。具体体裁结构如下：应用文:如书信、广告、日记等。文中具体细节题较多，阅读时应当采取先题后文法。以提高答题速度和精准度。记叙文:英语记叙文以描写叙述为主，主要体现记叙文六要素。其主题往往隐藏在字里行间或结尾点题。阅读记叙文应当采取略读和扫读的方法，从整体上快速抓住文章描写的主要内容，把握作者的写作意图和情感线索。说明文：英语说明文通常介绍最新科技发明、重大成就、流行现象等。总体结构通常分为三部分，说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。阅读时，首先要抓住文章说明的要点，即被说明对象的实质性特征。议论文:英语议论文由”

3、论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。借助某一现象引出论点，通过论据从各个层面加以推理论证，最后得出结论。应当把握每一段的主题句。误区点拨易错点一：细节理解题秘籍：细节理解题主要考查对文章中某一特定句子的理解，解题时可以使用快速阅读的方法，找到文章中对应的关键词，然后再仔细阅读相关的句子，理解其含义。具体步骤如下，第一步：采用先题后文法，先仔细审读题干，标出关键词。第二步,采用原词复现、近义词、同义词甚至反义词等方法，迅速在原文中查询关键词句，再精准翻译。第三步：核对选项，注意细节是否有替换或曲解。典例精讲（2024年九省联考）OneposterfromtheexhibitionHenryWellge

4、,stiYellowstoneNationalPark”from1904wasrecentlypurchasedwithdonatedfundsandisnowpartofUW1.ibrariesEmmettD.ChisumSpecialCollections.Wellge,aproductivebirds-eye-viewartist,designedthepiecefortheNorthernPacificRailroad,whichusedittoadvertisethepark.Thisisauniquepiece,asposterssuchasthisonewereprintedon

5、softpaperandveryfewhavesurvived.3.WhatdoWeknowaboutthe1904posterHenryWellgedesigned?A.Itisrareintheworld.B.Itisinblackandwhite.C.Itisprintedoncloth.D.Itisownedbyaprofessor.破解：第一步：审读题干，画出关键词the1904posterHenryWellge。第二步：根据最后一段UThiSiSaUniqUepiece,asposterssuchasthisonewereprintedonsoftpaperandveryfewha

6、veSUrViVed.（这是一件独特的作品，因为像这样的海报是印在软纸上的，很少有幸存下来）“可知，1904年亨利韦尔奇设计的海报在世界上很罕见。第三步：核对选项，同义词替换UniqUC对应rare。故选A。变式：（2024年浙江1月真题）Whenwasthelasttimeyouusedatelephonebox?Imeantomakeanactualphonecallnottoshelterfrom（herain.Agesagoright?ThelastlimeIusedaphoneboxfbritsintendedpurposewas2006.Iwasconductingaudition

7、s（试演）fbrmyplayinmytinyoldsharedhousein1.ondon.Hopingtoimpresssometalentedactorstocomeandworkformefornothing,Ispreadsomethrowsoverthesofasandlitcandlestomakeitseemabitmore,youngprofessional,AsIrushedoutdoorstoemptythewastepaperbaskets,thedoorswungshutbehindme.SuddenlyIwaslockedoutside.Mymobilephonewa

8、sinside,butluckilytherewasatelephoneboxacrossthestreet.So,IcalledDirectoryAssistance,gotputthroughtoourlandladysmanagingagent,andhadasparekeysenttomewithjustenoughtimetogetbackinbeforetheactorsarrived.5. Whydidtheauthorusethetelephoneboxin2006?A.Toplaceanurgentcall.B.Ibputupanotice.C.Tbshelterfromth

9、erain.D.Toholdanaudition.破解：根据第二段第四句So,IcalledDirectoryAssistance,gotputthroughtoourlandladysmanagingagent,andhadasparekeysenttomewithjustenoughtimetogetbackinbeforetheactorsarrived4所以,我打电话给电话查号台，接通了女房东的经纪人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员们到来之前回去。）“可知，作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。故选A。易错点二：推理判断题1.秘籍:推理判断题需要采用深度阅读法,采用文

10、题结合的阅读方式,理解文章中隐含的意思和逻辑关系，从而得出正确的推断。第一步：采用先文题结合法，阅读文章主旨段落，以便把握作者写作意图和方向。第二步：审读题干，提取关键词，定位到原文相关句子，再精准翻译。注意长难句的结构划分，长难句中常会设置题目。第三步：注意细节和逻辑关系，核对选项，得出正确答案。z典例精讲（204高三广东阶段练习）PhotographerXieJianguo,spassionforphotographingwildanimalsandpolarecologyisevidentinhisextensivetravels.Hehastraveledtodestinationss

11、uchasKenya,BotswanaandMadagascarninetimes.Furthermore,hehasvisitedtheArcticandAntarcticcontinentsmorethan30times.XiealsohasexploreddiverseregionsacrossEurope,NorthAmerica,SouthAmeriCa,AsiaandAustralia,catchingtheremarkablebeautyofnaturethroughhiscamerasonnumerousoccasions.Since2012,Xiehasredirectedh

12、iscamerastowardshishomeland,focusingontakingpicturesofwildlifeinChina.Nowhisfootprintshavecoverednearlyalltheprovincesandregionsthroughoutthecountry.Hehasexplorednearly100wildlifeprotectionareas,suchasSourceoftheThreeRivers,HohXil,QiIianMountainandXishuangbanna.FromtheadorablepandasinSichuantothepla

13、yfulPallas,scatsinInnerMongolia,Xiehasdevotedhimselftodocumentingthecountrysrareandendangeredanimals,whichshowcasesuniquenaturalandecologicalwondersofChina.WhatcanweIeamaboutXiefromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A. HefocusedontakingpicturesofChinesewonders.B. Hewasenthusiasticaboutphotographingwildanimals.C.

14、 Hewenttomanyplacestoenjoythebeautifulscenery.D. Hetraveledabroadtoknowmoreaboutforeignculture.破解：推理判断题。根据第一段中“PhotographerXicJianguo,spassionforphotographingwildanimals（摄影师谢建国对拍摄野生动物的热情）”可知，谢热衷于拍摄野生动物，故选B。变式1:（2024河北保定一模）EHanghasambitionsbeyondChina,too.Thefirm,sclosestcompetitorsareVolocopter,aGer

15、mancompany,andapairofCalifomianfirms,JobyAviationandArcherAviation.AllthreeareconductingtestflightsofpilotedeVTO1.sofvariousdesigns.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A. EVTO1.swilldefinitelybringinahugeprofit.B. EVTO1.sarepopularworldwide.C. EHangmayfacechallengesinexpandingfuturemarket.D. EHangwil

16、limproveitsdesigntodefeatcompetitors.破解：推理判断题。根据最后一段“EHanghasambitionsbeyondChina,too.ThefirmsclosestcompetitorsareVolocopter,aGermancompany,andapairofCalifbmianfirms,JobyAviationandArcherAvialion.AllthreeareconductingtestflightsofpilotedeVTO1.sofvariousdesigns.”（亿航在中国以外也有野心。该公司最接近的竞争对手是德国的Volocopte

17、r公司，以及加州的两家公司JobyAviation和ArcherAviationo这三家公司都在进行各种设计的有人驾驶电动工具的试飞。）可知，从最后一段我们能推断出亿航未来拓展市场可能面临挑战。故选C项。变式2：Infact,manyspeciesgrowoutoftheirspots,andthereasonsarententirelyunderstood.AccordingtoGotanda,patterningistypicallyconsideredmoreenergeticallycostlytoproducethanasingle,solidcolor.Butspotsdon,tt

18、akealotofenergytogrowandmaintainatleastinthecaseofwhitespots.Theremustbeotherreasonstoexplaintheirloss,hesaid.WhichstatementmightGotandaagreewith?A. Animalswithspotsonthebodyaremoreenergetic.B. Spottedanimalsoftenexistinuniformsurroundings.C. Thegrowthofanimalspotswillconsumelotsofenergy.D. Thereare

19、moretoexploreaboutthelossofanimalspots.破解：推理判断题。根据最后一段中“TheremuslbeotherreasonsIoexplainIhe什loss,hesaid.（他说，肯定有其他原因可以解释斑点的消失。）“可知，但是斑点的生长和维持（至少对于白斑点而言）不需要太多能量，应该有其他原因来解释它们消失的情况，故G。Ianda认为关于动物斑点的消失，还有更多值得探索的地方。故选D。易错点三：主旨大意题秘籍：主旨大意题中的拯题归纳题属于文章中心思想的精炼表达。标题具有一定的特征，如以短语或祈使句形式出现，醒目鲜明。酸太遨题解题时重点关注段落第一句，段落第

20、一句往往是段落的主旨句，有时会和段落结尾句首尾呼应。文意大意题解答时应当重点关注文章第一段和最后一段。第一段往往会点明文章的主要内容和线索，有时在各个段落的主旨句中也可以提炼文章的大意。z典例精讲Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens（代金券）theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresentiftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshare

21、andhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theprocessoftheres

22、earch.B.Theresultoftheexperiment.C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMomslove.破解：主旨大意题。通读第二段内容可知，该段介绍了对74名学龄前儿童进行的试验。首先在实验室针对两种情况对他们进行模仿测试，两年后又对这些母子的行为和反应进行分析。说明本段介绍的是研究的过程。选项A与文意相符，故选A。变式1：（2024山东济南一模）Anewstudyrevealsthatpigeons（鸽子）cantacklesomeproblemsjustlikeartificialintelligence,enabli

23、ngthemtosolvedifficulttasksthatmightchallengehumans.Previousresearchhastheorizedthatpigeonsemployaproblem-solvingstrategy,involvingatrial-and-errorapproach,whichissimilartotheapproachusedinAlmodelsbutdiffersfromhumans,relianceonselectiveattentionandruleuse.Toexamineit,BrandonTumer,apsychologyprofess

24、orattheOhioStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesconductedthenewstudy.Inthestudy,thepigeonswerepresentedwithvariousvisualimages,includinglinesofdifferentwidthsandangles,anddifferenttypesofrings.Thepigeonshadtopeck（啄）abuttonontherightorlefttoindicatethecategorytowhichtheimagebelonged.Iftheygotitcorrect,the

25、yreceivedfood;iftheywerewrong,theyreceivednothing.Resultsshowedthat,throughtrialanderror,thepigeonsimprovedtheiraccuracyincategorizationtasks,increasingtheircorrectchoicesfromabout55%to95%.Researchersbelievedpigeonsusedassociativelearning,whichislinkingtwophenomenawitheachother.Forexample,itiseasyto

26、understandthelink,between“water”andt4wef,.4tAssociativelearningisfrequentlyassumedtobefartooprimitiveto.explaincomplexvisualcategorizationlikewhatwesawthepigeonsdo,“Turnersaid.Butthat,sexactlywhattheresearchersfound.Theresearchers,AImodeltackledthesametasksusingjustthetwosimplemechanismsthatpigeonsw

27、ereassumedtouse:associativelearninganderrorcorrection.And,likethepigeons,theAImodellearnedtomaketherightpredictionstosignificantlyincreasethenumberofcorrectanswers.Forhumans,thechallengewhengiventaskslikethosegiventopigeonsisthattheywouldtrytocomeupwithrulesthatcouldmakethetaskeasier.Butinthiscase,t

28、herewerenorules,whichupsetshumans.Whatsinteresting,though,isthatpigeonsusethismethodoflearningthatisverysimilartoAIdesignedbyhumans,Turnersaid.ttWecelebratehowsmartwearethatwedesignedartificialintelligence:atthesametime,weregardpigeonsasnotcleveranimals/,hesaid.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Pi

29、geonstrial-and-errormethodisrevealedB.PigeonsoutperformhumansintoughtasksC.44NotsmartpigeonsmaybeassmartasAID.AImodelsafterpigeons,learningapproach破解：根据第一段“Anewstudyrevealsthatpigeons（鸽子）cantacklesomeproblemsjustlikeartificialintelligence,enablingthemtosolvedifficulttasksthatmightchallengehumans.Pre

30、viousresearchhastheorizedthatpigeonsemployaproblem-solvingstrategy,involvingatrial-and-errorapproach,whichissimilartotheapproachusedinAImodelsbutdiffersfromhumans,relianceonselectiveattentionandruleuse.Toexamineit,BrandonTurner,apsychologyprofessorattheOhioS（ateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesconductedth

31、enewStUdy.（一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究）”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究表明鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，因此选项C4utNotsmartpigeonsmaybeassmartasAI（“不聪明”的鸽子可能和人工智能一样聪明）”是本文最好的标题。故选C项。易错点四：词义猜测题秘籍：对于词义猜测题

32、，可以根据上下文和语境的例证关系推断词义，也可以根据近义词和反义词帮助猜测词义。z典例精讲（2024河北保定一模）AnyoneeagertoviewfromhighthecityscapesofGuangdong,aprovinceinsouthernChina,maysnbeabletodosofromthecabinofaflyingtaxi.OnOctober13ththeCivilAviationAdministrationofChina（CAAC）awardeda4ktypecertificate”,acrucialpieceofaviationpaperwork,totheworl

33、dsfirstelectricverticaltake-offandlanding（eVTO1.）taxi.Andincasethatdoesnotsoundfuturisticenough,thesmalltwo-seater,calledtheEH216-s,wasalsoCIearedtoflywithoutapilotonboard.TheEH216-SismadebyEHang,acompanybasedinGuangdong.Itlookslikeascaled-upconsumerdrone（无人机）withapassengerbubblemountedontop.Propuls

34、ion（动力）isprovidedby16smallrotors（转子）,mountedonthetipsofeightarmsthatfoldawaywhenthevehicleisnotinuse,allowingittoparkinsmallspaces.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cIeareCrinParagraph1probablymean?A.Produced.B.Approved.C.Removed.D.Tested.破解：根据第段中“Andincasethatdocsnotsoundfuturisticenough,thesmalltwo-seater

35、,calledtheEH216-s,wasalsoclearedtoflywithoutapilotonboard.n（如果这听起来不够未来，这款名为EH216-s的小型双座飞机也CIeared在没有飞行员的情况卜飞行）以及第三段中“TheCAACgaveitsapprovalafterEHanghadconductedmorethan40,000testflights,includingwithvolunteerpassengersin18citiesacrossChina.”（在亿航进行了4万多次试飞后，包括在中国18个城市进行的自愿乘客试飞，中国民航局批准了这一计划。）中的叩ProVal

36、提示可知，此处为这款名为EH2l6-s的小型双座飞机也被允许在没有飞行员的情况下飞行。故可猜测划线单词Cleared为“允许”的意思，结合选项B项APProVed”批准，允许意思一致。故选B项。变式1：Theyfoundthatfarmerstypicallyusehybrid（杂交）seeds,whichmustberepurchasedeachyear,togrowadiverserangeofvegetablesinthefloatinggardens.Thegardensarealsosensitivetopests,sofarmersendupspendingsomemoneyonb

37、othpesticidesandfertilizers.Butevenwiththoseexpenses,theyfound,benefitsoutweighedcosts.Onefarmertoldtheresearchteamthatheearnsuptofourtimesasmuchmoneyfromthegardensasfromtraditionalricefields.破解：根据划线词下文“Onefarmertoldtheresearchteamthatheearnsuptofourtimesasmuchmoneyfromthegardensasfromtraditionalric

38、efields.”可知，一位农民告诉研究小组，他从菜园中赚到的钱是从传统稻田中赚到的钱的四倍，故此处想表达的是即使农民最终会在杀虫剂和肥料上花一些钱，但是收益也会大于成本。故outweighed意为“大于。故选C项。变式2：“IIiSnotasOVertapatternassomethinglikeastickinsectthatbecomessomethingelseentirely,whichcanbeclearlyidentified.Butspotsdocreatethesethree-dimensionaleffectsthathelpsomespecieshidebetter,“s

39、aidGotanda.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“overt“inParagraph4probablymean?A.Obvious.B.Strange.C.Hidden.D.Complex.破解：词义猜测题。根据划线词后面的内容“likeastickinsectthatbecomessomethingelseentirely,whichcanbeClearIyidenIified.（它不像竹节虫那样明显地变成了完全不同的东西，这是可以清楚识别的。）“可知，斑点幼崽并不像竹节虫那样变成完全不同的东西，能被清晰地识别出来。由此猜测划线词与A选项“Obvious.（明显的）”

40、为同义词。故选A。抢分通关1. （2024高三广东东莞模拟测试）Hibernation（冬眠）isaclassictopicofsciencefiction.Inmoviessuchas2001:ASpaceOdyssey,Alien,orPassengers,crewmembersareputintoastateofsleeptotakeyear-longjourneystospace.NowanewstudyfromWashingtonUniversityhasshownthathumanhibernationmaysoonbecomeareality.Theresearchteamcar

41、riedouttestsonratsanimalsthatdonotnaturallyhibemate.Theyfirstidentifiedagroupofneurons（神经元）inadeepbrainregion,whichwerefoundtobeinvolvedincontrollingbodytemperatureduringhibernation.Theyshowedthat,inmice,theseneuronscouldbestimulatedusingultrasound（超声波），whichwasdeliveredthroughahelmetwithoutcausinga

42、ninjury.Whenreceivingtheultrasound,themiceshowedadropinbodytemperatureofabout3oC,andtheirheartratesfellbyabout47%.When（heultrasoundsystemwasswitchedoff,theywokeupagain.Theresultwassurprisingandfascinating,saidHongChen,aprofessorwholedthework.Researchersarealsotryingtodeterminehowtoharnessthepowerofh

43、ibernationtohelphumans.Theybelievethatitcouldbekeytoaddressinghealthconditionslikeheartdisease,andAlzheimer,s.Furthermore,hibernationsabilitytoslowaging,whichwasobservedinbats,couldbenefitspaceexploration,enablinglongermissionswithlessfoodrequirements.Researchinanimalsalsosuggeststhatbodiesofhiberna

44、tingastronautsmightloselessboneandmuscle,makingthemfitandreadytostartchallengingexplorationsoonaftertheywakeup.Byunlockingthesecretsofthisremarkableprocess,researchersmayuncoverwaystoimprovehumanhealth,aswellasgainnewinsightsintothenaturalworld.Therefore,theexplorationofhibernationisanexcitingareath

45、atissuretoyieldnumerousbenefitsintheyearstocome.Thescientistsnowplantolookathowloweredbodytemperaturemightaffectthecognitiveabilitiesofhumans.44Ournextexperimentswilltestworkingmemoryinmonkeys.Thisisimportantbecausewhileastronautsphysicallyhibemateastheyflyintodeepspace,theirbrainstillneedstobeWorki

46、ngJsaidChen.2. Howdidresearchersputratsintohibernation?A. Byloweringtheirbodytemperature.B. Byactivatingspecificbrainneurons.C. Byputtingaregularhelmetonthem.D. Byusingultrasoundthroughanoperation.3. Whatdoestheunderlinedword“harness”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employ.B.Challenge.C.Overlook.D.Discove

47、r.4. Whatadvantagemighthibernationbringtohumans?A. Itimprovespeoplesmentalhealth.B. Itpredictsavarietyofheartdiseases.C. Ithelpsastronautskeepphysicallyfit.D. Itenablesastronautstobuildupmuscle.5. What,sthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A. Tbpointoutthesignificanceofthestudy.B. Tobringoutthefocusoffbllow

48、-upstudies.C. Todiscussotherfactorsaffectinghibernation.D. Toexplainpracticalapplicationsofthefinding.【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章介绍了一项来自华盛顿大学的研究，显示人类冬眠可能很快成为现实。研究人员认为，利用冬眠的力量可能有助于解决心脏病和阿尔茨海默病等健康问题，并在太空探索中带来好处，如减少食物需求和保护骨骼肌肉。他们计划进一步研究降低体温对人类认知能力的影响。1 .推理判断题。根据第二段“Theyfirstidentifiedagroupofneurons（神经元）inadeepbrainregion,whichwerefoundtobeinvolvedincontrollingbodytemperatureduringhibernation.Theyshowedthat,inmice,theseneuronscouldbestimulatedusingultrasound（超声波）,whichwasdeliveredthroughahelmetwithoutcausinganinjury.（他们首先确定了大脑深部区域的