必修3-Module5-Great-People-and-Great-inventions-of-ancient-china单元重难知识点总结.doc

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1、 Unit 5. Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China一.重点词汇与拓展1.ordern秩序2.principlen原则，准则3positionn职位4.stressvt.强调5resignvi.辞职6.influentialadj.有影响的7justicen公正8.fueln燃料9conditionn状况；条件；环境10equaladj.平等的equalityn平等权11.philosophyn哲学philosophern哲学家12honestyn诚实honestadj.诚实的13contributionn贡献contribut

2、ev作贡献14inventvt.发明inventionn发明15argumentn争论；辩论arguev争论，辩论二.重点短语1.Look after照顾；照料2Bring up养育，抚养3at war with与处于战争状态4be proud of为自豪5.for the first time首次，第一次6in conclusion总之7Responsible duty责任感三.重点句型1.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.但那也是一个有许多哲学家的时期。2They say (that).他们说四.语

3、法Defining attributive clauses：ofwhom/inwhich(限制性定语从句：介词关系代词引导的定语从句) 一.重点词汇与拓展1equal adj.(能力、力气等)胜任的；(大小、数量、程度)相等的，一样的 n同等或平等的人或物vt. 与相等，等于(be equal to)；比得上 (1)A equals BA is equal to BA等于B。be equal to sth./doing sth.等于，能胜任be equal with与平等equal pay for equal work同工同酬without (an) equal无人可比地 (2)equal s

4、th.与相等equal sb. in sth.在方面与某人匹敌(3)equally adv.相等地，同样地，等分地equality n同等；平等，相等例句：Women demanded _.妇女们要求同工同酬。A pound is roughly _ 500 grams.1磅约等于500克。Bob_ the job of running the office.鲍勃的能力足以管理这个部门。None of us can _，either in beauty or as a dancer.不论是容貌还是舞技我们都比不上她。 同类辨析equal与same两者都含有“一样的的意思。(1)equal指“在

5、数量、大小、价值、程度等方面不存在差异的。(2)same指“同一的，实质上不同，但在数量、意义、外表上没有明显区别的。same前要加定冠词the。例句：One li_ half a kilometer.一华里等于半公里。They have _ problem.他们有类似的问题。 【训练】All the countries in the world should _ each other，though some developing countries cant equal developed ones_some sections.Abe equal to；in Bbe equal with；o

6、nCbe equal；on Dbe equal to；of2order n次序，顺序；整齐；秩序；命令；订购vt.命令；指令；订购；点菜；安排；指导归纳拓展(1)in order of.照(依)顺序排列out of order不整齐；状况不佳；出故障的in good order井井有条；状态良好keep order维持秩序place an order for sth.订购某物give/take orders下达/承受命令in order to do./that.为了(2)order sb.to do sth./order sth.to be done命令某人做某事/某事被做order that

7、.命令(从句中谓语动词用should动词原形，should可以省略)order sb. sth.order sth. for sb.为某人订购例句：The doctor ordered him to take a rest for a week or two.The doctor ordered that_.医生叮嘱他休息一两周。He put his papers_ before he left.他在动身前把文件都整理好了。The phone is _.坏了。 【训练】Remember to put the books _ before leaving the room.Ain the pla

8、ce Bin the order Cin order Din need3stress n重压；压力；强调，重音vt.着重，强调，重读归纳拓展(1)lay/place/put the stress on/upon.把重点放在上；在上用力；强调重要性under the stress of.为所迫；为所驱使；受到所造成的压力cause/reduce stress造成/减少压力(2)stress the importance of.强调的重要性 (3)stressful adj.产生压力的；使紧迫的a stressful job/situation/lifestyle繁重的工作/困难的处境/紧的生活方

9、式stressed adj.紧的，焦虑的(不位于名词前，且常修饰人)例句：Our parents always _ proper behavior.我们的父母一直很强调行为的得体。He_.他强调合作的重要性。 He finds his new teaching job very _.他觉得新的教学工作非常紧。 【训练】Things can easily go wrong when people are under _.Astress Bweight Cload Dstrength4resign n辞去(职务)v辞去，辞职归纳拓展(1)resign from.从辞去职务resign as sth

10、.辞职resign ones post/position辞职resign.to.把托付给resign oneself to (doing) sth.听任(某种影响)；只好(做)某事(2)resigned adj.已辞职的；已放弃的be resigned to sth./doing sth.心甘情愿resignation n辞职，辞职书；放弃，顺从hand in ones resignation递交辞呈 例句：The Minister _ office.那位部长辞职了。The team refused to resign themselves to being defeated.该队不甘心失败。

11、 We havent yet received his _.我们尚未收到他的辞职信。 resign与retire两者都含有“退职的意义。(1)resign表示因对工作不满意或工作上的失职而自愿或被“辞退，辞去了职务，常与from连用。(2)retire表示因年龄大或是身体状况不允许，按国家有关规定“退休，并享受规定补助。例句：He_ the business when he was 60.他60岁时退休了。 【训练】After a number of disagreements with the committee，the chairman decided to _.Aretire Bretr

12、eat Cwithdraw Dresign You must resign yourself to _ a bit longer.Await Bwaiting Cwaited Dwait for 5condition n条件，情形，环境，社会地位；(pl.)(生活或工作的)条件，环境vt.以为条件，使达到要求归纳拓展on condition that.条件是；在前提下on no condition绝不要；绝不under the conditions of.在的情况下be in good/poor condition在好/坏的状况下be out of condition身体不适be in no

13、condition to(身体状况)不适宜be in (a) condition (to do a thing)能做、有做的条件 例句：You can go out _ you wear a coat.你要穿上外套才能出去。The ship is not _ make a long voyage.此船的现状不适宜远航。 同类辨析condition，state与situation三者都含有“情况，状况的意思。(1)condition作“情况，情形，条件时，常指人或物目前的情况，常用复数形式。(2)state表示“状况，情况时，常用单数形式，与冠词连用，构成in a . state或in the

14、state of.，指人或物在环境、外观、心灵、健康等方面的情形或状况。(3)situation常与in连用，表示“处于一种状况。 例句：He is in a good state.他身体健康。Their living conditions were terrible.他们的生活条件很差。We are in a difficult situation.我们正处于困境。【训练】Ron lent me the money on _ that I pay it back next month.Acondition Bconditions Cstate Dsituation School childr

15、en must be taught how to deal with dangerous _.Astates Bconditions Csituations Dpositions二.重点短语1be at war with在与交战中归纳拓展(1)a civil/cold war战/冷战go to war宣战，进入战争状态make/declare war (on sb.)向(某人)宣战(2)be at.表示“处于状态/动作的意思。类似的短语还有：at peace处于和平状态at school/work在上学/上班at table在吃饭at trouble/risk处于困境中/在冒险 例句：At t

16、hat time，China and Japan were at war，so travelling was extremely difficult.当时，中日双方正在打仗，因此旅行(变得)极其困难。Germany has been_ with France for 50 years.德国与法国已和平相处了50年。People in the world dont want to _ to settle the international disputes.世界各国人民不想诉诸武力去解决国际争端。 【训练】When he came back from abroad，our country was

17、 _ with Japan.Aat a war Bat war Cat the warDon war2bring up教育；培养；提出(话题)；呕吐归纳拓展bring about带来，引起，导致bring back归还；恢复；回想起；带回bring down降低；转到下页(下栏)；使减价bring forward 提出(论点、问题等) bring out说明例句：Though born and _ in the city，she prefers life in the country.尽管是在城里出生和长大，但她更喜欢农村生活。He didnt feel well and _ his brea

18、kfast.他感觉身体不太舒服，把吃的早餐全部吐了出来。Mr Wangs new suggestion was _at the meeting.王先生的新建议在会议上被提了出来。 【训练】The students in this school have very good manners because they have been well _.Abrought out Bbrought in Cbrought together Dbrought up You neednt add any explanation here because the meaning of that word w

19、ill be_very clearly in the next paragraph.Apicked out Bbrought out Cbrought up Dlooked up 三.重点句型1(1)They say that.他们说(2)Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.孟子认为人之所以与动物不同是因为人是好的、善良的。(3)He believed that people were more important than rulers，.他认为人民比统治

20、者更重要(4)Mozi believed that all men were equal.墨子认为人人平等。 归纳拓展以上各句中，主语都是“人，谓语局部都是表示人的思维的动词。宾语都是宾语从句的形式，即sb.v.that句型。这个句型用来表示“某个(些)人说(认为/相信/希望)什么或怎么样，常见的谓语动词有say，think，consider，hope，report.。这个句型可以转换为It is/wasp.p.that从句或sb./sth.bep.p.to do/to havep.p.。 例句：People hope that more milu deer will be set free

21、one day.It is hoped that more milu deer will be set free one day.More milu deer are hoped to be set free one day.人们希望有一天有更多的麋鹿被放归自然。believe后是that引导的宾语从句，从句中使用the reason why.is that.句式，其中why引导的是定语从句，that引导的是表语从句。reason用作定语从句先行词时，首先判断reason在定语从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，则要使用关系副词why引导定语从句，而且why有时可省略；如作主语或宾语，则使用关系代词

22、that/which引导定语从句。33例句：The only reason I went was that I wanted to meet your friends.我去的唯一的理由是想见见你的朋友们。Wed like to know the reason why she didnt accept the job.我们希望知道她为什么不承受这份工作。 【训练】The bird flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.Acausing Bb

23、eing caused Cto be caused Dto have caused2Treat others in the way you want to be treated.己所不欲，勿施于人。归纳拓展(1)当先行词是 way (意为“方式，方法)时，且在定语从句中作状语时，可用in which或that引导定语从句，也可省略关系词。例句：I dont understand the way (in which/that) they worked out the problem.我不理解他们计算这道题的方法。 (2)当 the way 后面的定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，考生应用正常的思维方式

24、来解决问题。例句：The way (that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。此复合句的从句中缺少宾语成分，故用which或that引导定语从句，而不应用 in which。 (3)当先行词为 time 时，time 假设作“次数讲，用 that (可省略)引导；time 假设作“一段时间讲，用 when或at/during which引导。例句：This was a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or TV sets.在那个

25、时代，没有收音机、，也没有电视机。 【训练】I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A不填 Bin that Cwhich Dof which The way_he worked out the problem isnt the way_I told him.A/；/ Bwhich；which C/；what Dthat；what 四.语法1限制性定语从句在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫作“先行词。限制性定语从句：描述主句所涉与的人或物的具体情况，是主句不可或缺的一局部，如省去，主句意义不完整

26、，甚至没有意义。引导定语从句的关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as。关系副词：where，when，why。 42(1)限制性定语从句关系代词的一般用法如下表：关关系词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物句子主语宾语定语表语wwhowwhomwwhichtthatwwhoseas例句：The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天访问我们班的那个外宾是加拿大人。(作主语)The man (whom/who) you met yesterday is my cousin.昨天你遇见的那个人是

27、我的堂兄。(作宾语)Corn is a useful plant which/that can be eaten by both people and animals.玉米是一种有用的作物，人、畜均可食用。(指物，作主语) Who is the man that is reading over there?正在那边看书的人是谁？(指人，作主语，不可省略)His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他的父母不让他与任何家境贫穷的人结婚。(作定语)China is not the one that it used t

28、o be.中国不再是过去的中国了。(作表语，指物)as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。它常用在the same.as，such.as，as.as，so.as句型当中，as不可省略。 例句：Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.认识汤姆的教师都认为他很聪明。(作主语，指代teachers)Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你一样的词典。(作宾语，指代dictionary)The teachers today are not the same teachers

29、as they were in the past.今天的教师和过去不一样了。(作表语，指代teachers) (2)限制性定语从句关系副词的一般用法如下表：关系副词指代先行词所充当的句子成分when时间时间名词状语where地点地点名词状语why原因reason状语例句：That was a time when there were still slaves in the USA.那个时候，美国仍然有奴隶。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父亲工作的那家工厂在城市的西部。Thats the reason

30、 why she spoke.那就是她要发言的原因。 注意：先行词表示时间、地点时，关系词不总是用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，就不能用where和when，而要用which或that。例句：I wont forget the time that/which we spent in the countryside.(作宾语)我永远不会忘记我们在农村度过的那段时光。关系副词有时可以用“介词关系代词来代替。例句：We will never forget the day when/on which Hong Kong returned.我们将永远不会忘记回归的那一天。

31、The city where/in which I was born is becoming more and more developed.我出生的那个城市现在越来越兴旺。The reason why/for which Mr Wu resigned was not very clear.吴先生辞职的原因尚不十分清楚。2“介词关系代词引导的定语从句在定语从句中能作宾语的关系代词中，只有whom和which可直接置于介词之后构成“prep.whom/which这一结构。(1)当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不可省略。 例句：This is the hero of

32、 whom we are proud.这是我们引以为豪的那个英雄。This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.这是我用来写信的那支钢笔。(2)当介词放在定语从句末尾时，可用that，which，who或whom作介词宾语的关系代词且可以省略。以上例句可改写为：This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of.This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with.(3)“复合介词短语关系代词引导的定语从句，从句常用逗号与先行词分开。例句：He liv

33、ed in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在前面有棵大树的大房子里面。注意：在固定搭配的动词短语中，介词不可置于关系代词之前。例句：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.这是我正在找的钢笔。(介词for不可提前) (4)关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词名词，如whenon/in/during the time，wherein/at/on the place，whyfor the reason，因此关系副词引导的定语从句可以改写为“介词which引导的定语从句。例句：T

34、hat is the day when (on which) he did the experiments.那一天正是他作实验的日子。This is the house where (in which) my family used to live.这就是我家以前住过的房子。That is the reason why (for which) he is leaving very soon.那就是他为什么要马上离开的原因。 注意：在这种“介词which的结构中，介词的选择取决于which所指的名词与介词的搭配关系，或者取决于定语从句中的动词词组与介词的搭配关系。例句：This is the f

35、arm where (on which) I worked three years ago.这就是我三年前工作过的农场。 【训练】The authors of computer viruses are geniuses.I agree.They can apply their wisdom to other net technology _ human beings can benefit.Ain which Bthrough which Con which Dfrom whichThe student _ all of the teachers took great pride was ad

36、mitted into Peking University last year.Ain whom Bof whom Con whom Dfor whom The reason _ they were not accepted is _ they didnt receive enough education.Awhy；because Bthat；for Cwhy；that Dthat；thatThe time has come _ we can make extensive use of nuclear energy.Awhen Bwhich Csince Dwhile It was in these films _ he created the wellknown image of the lovely duck _ children love to this day.Awhich；who Bwhere；who Cwhat；that Dthat；that10 / 10