西奥多罗斯福《新国家主义》节选.docx

《西奥多罗斯福《新国家主义》节选.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《西奥多罗斯福《新国家主义》节选.docx（5页珍藏版）》请在课桌文档上搜索。

1、PresidentTeddyRooseveltsNewNationalismSpeechWecomeheretodaytocommemorateoneoftheepoch-makingeventsofthelongstrugglefortherightsofma11-thelongstrugglefortheupliftofhumanity.Ourcountry-thisgreatRepublic-meansnothingunlessitmeansthetriumphofarealdemocracy,thetriumphofpopulargovernment,and,Inthelongrun,

2、ofaneconomicsystemunderwhicheachmanshallbeguaranteedtheopportunitytoshowthebestthatthereisinhim.ThatiswhythehistoryofAmericaisnowthecentralfeatureofthehistoryofthev/orld;fortheworldhassetitsfacehopefullytowardourdemocracy;and,Omyfellowcitizens,eachoneofyoucarriesonyourshouldersnotOnrytheburdenofdoin

3、gwellforthesakeofyourcountry,buttheburdenofdoingwellandofseeingthatthisnationdoeswellforthesakeofmankind.Atmanystagesintheadvanceofhumanity,thisconflictbetweenthemenwhopossessmorethantheyhaveearnedandthemenwohaveearnedmorethantheypossessisthecentralconditionofprogress.Inourdayitappearsasthestruggleo

4、ffreementogainandholdtherightofself-governmentasagainstthespecialinterests,whotwistthemethodsoffreegovernmentintomachineryfordefeatingthepopularwill.Ateverystage,andunderallcircumstances,theessenceofthestrugglei$toequalizeopportunity,destroyprivilege,andgivetothelifeandcitizenshipofeveryindividualth

5、ehighestpossiblevaluebothtohimselfandtothecommonwealth.Practicalequalityofopportunityforallcitizens,whenweachieveit,willhavetwogreatresults.Firstzeverymanwillhaveafairchancetomakeofhimselfallthatinhimlies;toreachthehighestpointtowhichhiscapacities,unassistedbyspecialprivilegeofhisownandunhamperedbyt

6、hespecialprivilegeofothers,cancarryhim,andtogetforhimselfandhisfamilysubstantiallywhathehasearned.Second,equalityofopportunitymeansthatthecommonwealthwillgetfromeverycitizenthehighestserviceofwhichheiscapable.Nomanwhocarriestheburdenofthespecialprivilegesofanothercangivetothecommonwealththatservicet

7、owhichitisfairlyentitled.Istandforthesquaredeal.ButwhenIsaythatIamforthesquaredeal,ImeannotmerelythatIstandforfairplayunderthepresentrulesofthegame,butthatIstandforhavingthoseruleschangedsoastoworkforamoresubstantialequalityofopportunityandofrewardforequallygoodservice.WhenIsayIwantasquaredealforthe

8、poorman,IdonotmeanthatIwantasquaredealforthemanwhoremainspoorbecausehehasnotgottheenergytoworkforhimself.Ifamanwhohashadachancewillnotmakegood,thenhehasgottoquit.Now,thismeansthatourgovernment.NationalandState,mustbefreedfromthesinisterinfluenceorcontrolofspecialinterests.Exacttyasthespecialinterest

9、sofcottonandslaverythreatenedourpoliticalIntegritybeforetheCivilWacsonowthegreatspecialbusinessintereststoooftencontrolandcorruptthemenandmethodsofgovernmentfortheirownprofit.Wemustdrivethespecialinterestsoutofpolitics.Thetruefriendofproperty,thetrueconservative,ishewhoinsiststhatpropertyshallbethes

10、ervantandnotthemasterofthecommonwealth；whoinsiststhattheueatureofmansmakingshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthemanwhomadeit.ThecitizensoftheUnitedStatesmusteffectivelycontrolthemightycommercialforceswhichtheyhavecalledintobeing.Therecanbenoeffectiventrolofcorporationswhiletheirpoliticalactivityrema

11、ins.Tbputanendtoitwillbeneitherashortnoraneasytask,butitcanbedone.Wemusthavecompleteandeffectivepublicityofcorporateaffairs,sothatthepeoplemayknowbeyondperadventurewhetherthecorporationsobeythelawandwhethertheirmanagemententitlesthemtotheconfidenceofthepublic.Itisnecessarythatlawsshouldbepassedtopro

12、hibittheuseofcorporatefundsdirectlyorindirectlyforpoliticalpurposes；itisstillmorenecessarythatsuchlawsshouldbethoroughlyenforced.Corporateexpendituresforpoliticalpurposes,andespeciallysuchexpendituresbypublic-servicecorporations,havesuppliedoneoftheprincipalsourcesofcorruptioninourpoliticalaffairs.I

13、thasbecomeentirelyclearthatwemusthavegovernmentsupervisionofthecapitalization,notonlyofpublic-servicecorporations,including,particularly,railways,butofallcorporationsdoinganinterstatebusiness.IdonotwishtoseethenationforcedintotheownershipoftherailwaysIfitcanpossiblybeavoided,andtheonlyalternativeist

14、horoughgoingandeffectivelegislation,whichshallbebasedonafullknowledgeofallthefactszincludingaphysicalvaluationofproperty.Thisphysicalvaluationsnotneeded,or,atleast,isveryrarelyneeded,forfixingrates；butitIsneededasthebasisofhonestcapitalization.Wehavecometorecognizethatfranchisesshouldneverbegrantede

15、xceptforalimitedtimerandneverwithoutproperprovisionforcompensationtothepublic.Itismypersonalbeliefthatthesamekindanddegreeofcontrolandsupervisionwhichshouldbeexercisedoverpublic-servicecorporationsshouldbeextendedalsotocombinationswhichcontrolnecessariesoflife,suchasmeat,Oi1.orCOa1.orwhichdealinthem

16、onanimportantscale.Ihavenodoubtthattheordinarymanwhohascontrolofthemi$muchlikeourselves.Ihavenodoubthewouldliketodowell,butIwanttohaveenoughsupervisiontohelphimrealizethatdesiretodowell.Ibelievethattheofficers,andrespecially,thedirectors,ofcorporationsshouldbeheldpersonaltyresponsiblewhenanycorporat

17、ionbreaksthelaw.Combinationsinindustryaretheresultofanimperativeeconomiclawwhichcannotberepealedbypoliticallegislation.Theeffortatprohibitingallcombinationhassubstantialtfailed.Thewayoutlies,notInattemptingtopreventsuchcombinations,butincompletelycontrollingthemintheInterestofthepublicwelfare.Nomans

18、houldreceiveadollarunlessthatdollarhasbeenfairtearned.Everydollarreceivedshouldrepresentadollarsworthofservicerenderednotgamblinginstocks,butservicerendered.Thereallybigfortune,theswollenfortune,bythemerefactofitssize,acquiresqualitieswhichdifferentiateitinkindaswellasindegreefromwhatispossessedbyme

19、nofrelativelysmallmeans.Therefore,Ibelieveinagraduatedincometaxonbigfortunes,andinanothertaxwhichisfarmoreeasilyllectedandfarmoreeffectve-agraduatedinheritancetaxonbigfortunes,propertysafeguardedagainstevasion,andincreasingrapidlyinamountwiththesizeoftheestate.ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatessufferfromper

20、iodicalfinancialpanicstoadegreesubstantiallyunknowntotheothernations,whichapproachUSinfinancialstrength.Thereisnoreasonwyweshouldsufferwhattheyescape.Itisofprofoundimportancethatourfinancialsystemshouldbepromptlyinvestigated,andsothoroughlyandeffectivelyrevisedastomakeitcertainthathereafterourcurren

21、cywillnolongerfailatcriticaltimestomeetourneeds.OfconservationIshallspeakmoreatlengthelsewhere.Conservationmeansdevelopmentasmuchasitdoesprotection.Irecognizetherightanddutyofthisgenerationtodevelopandusethenaturalresourcesofourland;butIdonotrecognizetherighttowastethem,ortorob,bywastefulthegenerati

22、onsthatCOmeafteru$.IasknothingofthenationexceptthatItsobehaveaseachfarmerherebehaveswithreferencetohisownchildren.Thatfarmerisapoorcreaturewhoskinsthelandandleavesitworthlesstohischildren.Thefarmerisagoodfarmerwho,havingenabledthelandtosupporthimselfandtoprovidefortheeducationofhischildren,leavesitt

23、othemalittlebetterthanbefoundithimself.Ibelievethesamethingofanation.Nothingismoretruethanthatexcessofeverykindisfollowedbyreaction;afactwhichshouldbeponderedbyreformerandreactionaryalike.Wearefacetofacewithnewconceptionsoftherelationsofpropertytohumanwelfare,chieflybecausecertainadvocatesoftheright

24、sofpropertyasagainsttherightsofmenhavebeenpushingtheirclaimstfar.Themanwhowronglyholdsthateveryhumanrightissecondarytohisprofitmustnowgivewaytotheadvocateofhumanwelfare,whorightlymaintainsthateverymanholdshispropertysubjecttothegeneralrightofthecommunitytoregulateitsusetowhateverdegreethepublicwelfa

25、remayrequireit.Nationalefficiencyhasmanyfactors.Itisanecessaryresultoftheprincipleofconservationwidelyapplied.Intheendzitwilldetermineourfailureorsuccessasanation.Nationalefficiencyhastodornotonlywithnaturalresourcesandwithmen,butitisequallyconcernedwithinstitutions.TheStatemustbemadeefficientforthe

26、workwhichconcernsonlythepeopleoftheState;andthenationforthatwhichconcernsallthepeople.Theremustremainnoneutralgroundtoserveasarefugeforlawbreakers,andespeciallyforlawbreakersofgreatwealth,wocanhirethevulpinelegalcunningwhichwillteachthemhowtoavoidbothjurisdictions.Itisamisfortunewhenthenationallegis

27、laturefallstodoItsdutyInprovidinganationalremedy,sothattheonlynationalactivityisthepurelynegativeactivityofthejudiclarinforbiddingtheStatetoexercisepowerinthepremises.Idonotaskfortheovercentralization；butIdoaskthatweworkinaspiritofbroadandfar-reachingnationalismwhereweworkforwhatconcernsourpeopleasa

28、whole.WeareallAmericans.Ourcommoninterestsareasbroadasthecontinent.IspeaktoyouhereinKansasexactlyasIwouldspeakinNewYorkorGeorgia,forthemostvitalproblemsarethosewhichaffectUSallalike.TheNationalGovernmentbelongstothewholeAmericanpeople,andwherethewholeAmericanpeopleareinterested,thatinterestcanbeguar

29、dedeffectivelyonlybytheNationalGovernment.Thebettermentwhichweseekmustbeaccomplished,Ibelieve,mainlythroughtheNationalGovernment.TheAmericanpeoplearerightindemandingthatNewNationalism,withoutwhichwecannothopetodealwithnewproblems.TheNewNationalismputsthenationalneedbeforesectionalorpersonaladvantage

30、.Itisimpatientoftheutterconfusionthatresultsfromlocallegislaturesattemptingtotreatnationalissuesaslocalissues.Iti$stillmoreimpatientoftheimpotencewhichspringsfromoverdivisionofgovernmentalpowers,theimpotencewhichmakesitpossibleforlocalselfishnessorforlegalcunning,hiredbywealthyspecialinterests,tobri

31、ngnationalactivitiestoadeadlock.ThisNewNationalismregardstheexecutivepowerasthestewardofthepublicwelfare.ItdemandsofthejudiciarythatitshallbeinterestedprimarilyinhumanwelfareratherthaninproertzjustasItdemandsthattherepresentativebodyshallrepresentallthepeopleratherthananyoneclassorsectionofthepeople

32、.Ibelieveinshapingtheendsofgovernmenttoprotectpropertyaswellashumanwelfare.Normally,andInthelongrun,theendsarethesame;butwheneverthealternativemustbefaced,Iamformenandnotforproperty,asyouwereintheCivilWar.Iamfarfromunderestimatingtheimportanceofdividends;butIrankdividendsbelowhumancharacter.Again,Id

33、onothaveanysympathywiththereformerwhosayshedoesnotcarefordividends.Ofcourse,economicwelfareisecessaryzforamanmustpullhisownweightandbeabletosupporthisfamily.Iknowwellthatthereformersmustnotbringuponthepeopleeconomicruin,orthereformsthemselveswillgodownintheruin.Butwemustbereadytofacetemporarydisaste

34、r,whetherornotbroughtonbythosewhowillwaragainstustotheknife.Thosewoopposereformwilldowelltorememberthatruininitsworstformisinevitableifournationallifebringsusnothingbetterthanswollenfortunesforthefewandthetriumphinbothpoliticsandbusinessofasordidandselfishmaterialism.Ifourpoliticalinstitutionswerepe

35、rfect,theywouldabsolutelypreventthepoliticaldominationofmoneyinanypartofouraffairs.Weneedtomakeourpoliticalrepresentativesmorequicklyandsensitivelyresponsivetothepeoplewhoseservantstheyare.MoredirectactionbythepeopleintheirownaffairsunderpropersafeguardsIsvitallynecessary.Thedirectprimaryisastepinth

36、isdirection,ifitisassociatedwithacorruptservicesacteffectivetopreventtheadvantageofthemanwillingrecklesslyandunscrupulouslytospendmoneyoverhismorehonestcompetitor.Itisparticularlyimportantthatallmoneysreceivedorexpendedforcampaignpurposesshouldbepubliclyaccountedfor,notonlyafterelection,butbeforeele

37、ctionaswell.Politicalactionmustbemadesimpler,easierandfreerfromconfusionforeverycitizen.Ibelievethatthepromptremovalofunfaithfulorincompetentpublicservantsshouldbemadeeasyandsureinwhateverwayexperienceshallshowtobemostexpedientinanygivenclassofcases.Oneofthefundamentalnecessitiesinarepresentativegov

38、ernmentsuchasoursistomakecertainthatthementowhomthepeopledelegatetheirpowershallservethepeoplebywhomtheyareelected,andnotthespecialinterests.Ibelievethateverynationalofficer,electedorappointed,shouldbeforbiddentoperformanyserviceorreceiveanympensation,directlyorindirectly,frominterstatecorporations;

39、andasimilarprovisioncouldnotfailtobeusefulwithintheStates.Theobjectofgovernmentisthewelfareofthepeople.Thematerialprogressandprosperityofanationaredesirablechieflysolongastheyleadtothemoralandmaterialwelfareofallgoodcitizens.Justinproportionastheaveragemanandwomanarehonest,capableofsoundjudgmentandh

40、ighideals,activeinpublicaffairs,-but,firstofallrsoundintheirhome,andthefatherandmotherofhealthychildrenwhomtheybringupwell,justsofar,andnofarther,wemaycountourcivilizationasuccess.Wemusthave-lbelievewehavealreadyagenuineandpermanentmoralawakening,withoutwhichnowisdomoflegislationoradministrationreal

41、lymeansanything;and.ontheotherhand,wemusttrytosecurethesocialandeconomiclegislationwithoutwhichanyimprovementduetopurelymoralagitationisnecessarilyevanescent.1.etmeagainillustratebyareferencetotheGrandArmy.YoucouldnothaveWOnsimplyasadisorderlyanddisorganizedmob.Youneededgenerals;youneededcarefuladmi

42、nistrationofthemostadvancedtype;andagoodcommissary-thecrackerline.Youwellrememberthatsuccesswasnecessaryinmanydifferentlinesinordertobringaboutgeneralsuccess.YouhadtohavetheadministrationatWashingtongood,justasyouhadtohavetheadministrationinthefield;andyouhadtohavetheworkofthegeneralsgood.Youcouldno

43、thavetriumphedwithouttheadministrationandleadership;butitwouldallhavebeenworthlessiftheaveragesoldierhadnothadtherightstuffinhim.Hehadtohavetherightstuffinhim,oryoucouldnotgetitoutofhim.Inthelastanalysis,therefore,vitallynecessarythoughitwastohavetherightkindoforganizationandtherightkindofgeneralshi

44、p,itwasevenmorevitallynecessarythattheaveragesoldiershouldhavethefightingedge,therightcharacter.Soitisinourcivillife.NomatterhowhonestanddecentweareinourprivateIrveszifwedonothavetherightkindoflawandtherightkindofadministrationofthelaw,wecannotgoforwardasanation.Thatisimperative;butitmustbeanadditio

45、nto,andnotasubstituteforrthequalitiesthatmakeusgdcitizens.Inthelastanalysis,themostimportantelementsinanymanscareermustbethesumofthosequalitieswhich.Intheaggregate,wespeakofascharacter.IfhehasnotgotItrthennolawthatthewitofmancandevise,noadministrationofthelawbytheboldestandstrongestexecutive,willava

46、iltohelphim.Wemusthavetherightkindofcharacter-characterthatmakesaman,firstofallragoodmaninthehome,agoodfather,andagoodhusband-thatmakesamanagoodneighbor.Youmusthavethat,and,then,inaddition,youmusthavethekindoflawandthekindofadministrationofthelawwhichwillgivetothosequalitiesintheprivatecitizenthebestpossiblechancefordevelopment.Theprimeproblemofournationistogettherighttypeofgoodcitizenship,and,togetit,wemusthaveprogress,andourpublicmenmustbegenuinelyprogressive.