《演讲的艺术（第十三版）》教学资源--教师用书Chapter_13_Speaking_to_Inform.docx

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1、Chapter13SpeakingtoInformSectionOne:ChapterTeachingGuidePART 1: :TEACHINGOBJECTIVES在学完这一章后，学生应该能峨：价和说解性演训的四种类型。京樨有关说解性演讲的五项应用原则.PART 2: :TEACHINGSUGGESTIONSI.说解性演讲的种类(TypesofInformativeSpeeches)知识概述说斛性演讲有多种不同的分类方式.课本中将说解性演讲细分为有关实物的说解性演讲(speechesaboutobjects),有关过程的说解性演讲(SPeeCheSabOUtPrOCesses)、有关事件的说

2、解性演讲(SPeeChe5aboutevents)和有关概念的说解性演讲(speechesaboutncepts).在此需要说明的是，不论呆用哪一种分类方式，其目的都是使知识条理化,而不是人为地设置一”限制性的条条框框.事实匕大多数的说解性话跑都很易于分类,但如果遇到一些话麴分类界限模糊的情况，也不必刻意地去寻找所谓的正确答案，最终的也类可取决于演讲不时话理的理解和处理.有关实物的说解性演讲(SpeechesAboutObjects)实物指的是任何有形的、看得见的、具体的事物.实物包恬地点、建筑物、动物以及人物等等。例如：MonumenttothePeople,sHerOeS(人民英雄纪念碑)

3、SuzhouGardenS(苏州园林)Shangri-1.a(香格里拉)DuFuThatchedCottage(甫草堂)DanceoftheYaoPeople(瑶族舞曲)ChinaNationalOperaHouse(国家歌剧院)由上面的一些话SS可以发展出如下的具体目的陈述句：ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorfeaturesofSuzhouGardens.ToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofDuFusThatchedCottage.ToinformmyaudienceaboutthedesignoftheChinaNationa

4、lOperaHouse.如果具体目的是解传实物的历史城进程，可以采用时间顽序法。例如：SpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthedevelopmentofShenzhen.CentralIdea:Inthepastfewdecades,ShenZhenhasdevelopedfromafishingvillageintoamoderncity.MoinPoints:I. Before1979zShenzhenwasafishingvillageknownasBao,anCounty.II. In1979,Shenzhenwaspromotedtopre

5、fectureleveldirectlyundertheprovincialgovernment.III. In1980zShenzhenwasdesignatedasChina,sfirstSpecialEconomicZone.IV. In1988,Shenzhenwasgivenprovincial-leveleconomicadministrativestatus.如果具体目的是解择实物的特点可以采用空间眼!序法.例如:SpecificPurpose：ToinformmyaudienceaboutthestructureofPotalaPaIaCe（布达拉宫）in1.hasa.Ccnt

6、ralldeo:PotalaPalaceconsistsoftheRedPalace,theWhitePalacezandtheirconnectingbuildings.MoinPoints:I.TheRedPalaceIslocatedinthehighestandcentralpartofPotalaPalace.Il-TheWhitePalacesurroundstheRedPalacewithhalls,temples,courtyards,andlivingquarters.III.TheRedPalaceandtheWhitePalaceareconnectedbyceremon

7、ialandBuddhahalls.有时有关实物的说解性演讲需要采用话题顺序法来组织要点.例如:SpecificPurpcse:TolnformmyaudienceaboutthemissionofChinaSoongChmglingFoundation（CSC1.F）（中国宋庆龄基金会）.Centralideo:CSC1.Fiscommittedtosafeguardingworldpeace,topromotingChnazsreunification,andtodevelopingchildrenswork.MainPoints:I. CSC1.Fiscommittedtosafegua

8、rdingworldpeace.II. CSClFiscommittedtopromotingChinareunification.III. CSC1.Fiscommittedtodevelopingchildrenswork.有关过程的说解性演讲（SpeechesAboutProcesses）过程指的是由一系列有计划的行为而产生的结果或产物.存关过程的说解性演讲往往讲解如何去创造一样东西、完成一件工作或使用一个实物，例如：developmentofthehumanembryo假胎发育的过程）howtocookaPekingRoastDuckathome（如何El己做北京燧鸭）ecologic

9、alevolutionoftheMirror1.akeinNortheastChina（中国东北豌泊湖的生态进化过程）formationOffoSSils（化石的形成过程）theocean-atmosphericprocessofElNino（厄尔Ai诺现望出现的物理过程）howtobuildaChinesedragonkite（如何制作中国龙风的由上向的一当话题可以发展出如下的具体目的陈述句：Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorstagesinthedevelopmentofthehumanembryo.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefours

10、tepsintheformationoffossils.ToinformmyaudienceabouttheprocessofbuildingaChinesedragonkite.上面的例子去明，有关过程的说解性演讲分为两种，种是利助听众明臼和了解某一种过程（比如，胚胎的发行过程、化石的形成过程等）：而另种是指导听众如何去做某种事情（比如；如何自己做北京烤眄、如何制作中国龙风筝等）。这两种有关过程的说解性演讲都需要使用视觉辅助物.行关过程的说解性演讲殷都采用时间顺序法来组织要点。例如：SpedficPurpose：Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourstepsinpas

11、singChinasnationalcvilservantexam（公务员考i）.Centralldeo:TherearefourstepsInpassingChazsnationalcivilservantexam.MoinPoints:I.Thefirststepi$applyingforadmissiontothewrittenexam.II. Thesecondstepistakingthewrittenexam.III. Thethirdstepisattendingaface-to-faceinterview.IV. Thefourthstepisundergoingaphysic

12、alexamination.如果演讲恻重于介绍一些方法或原理,则需要采用话跑顺序法例如：SpeaficPurpose：Tolnformmyaudiencehowarainbowoccurs.CentralIdeo:Arainbowoccurswhenraindropsandsunshinecrosspaths.MainPoints:I.Whensunlightenterswaterdrops,itreflectsofftheirinsidesurfaces.II. Whilepassingthroughthedroplets,thelightalsoseparatesintoItscompon

13、entcolors.III. Whenthefallingwaterdropsflashtheircolorstotheobserver,arainbowappears.有关事件的说解性演讲（SpeechesAboutEvents）事件指的是任何发生的或被认为发生的事情.下面是一些事件说解性演讲话坦的例广：FoundingCeremonyofNewChina（开国大典）1.ugouqiaoInCident（卢沟桥事变）MayFourthMOVenWrn（五四运动）HongKongzsreturntoChina（乔港回归）1.ongMarchoftheChineseRedArmy（红军K征）Wa

14、ter-splashingFestivaloftheDaiMinority（族泼水节）由上面的一些话即可以发展出如下的具体目的陈述句：ToinformEVaudienceaboutthebackgroundofthe1.ugouqiaoIncident.ToinformmyaudienceabouttheimpactoftheMayFourthMovement.ToinformmyaudienceaboutthespiritoftheChineseRedArmys1.ongMarch.讲解事件可以采用不同的方法，如果你的具体目的是解林话遨事件的历史,你就应该采用时间顺序法来组织要点，按照时间坂

15、序来叙述十件的环节。例如：SpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthethreemajormilitarycampaignsduringthelaststageoftheChinesePeople,sWarof1.iberation.CentralIdea:ThethreemajormilitarycampaignsduringthelaststageoftheChinesePeople,sWarofliberationweretheUaoshenCampaign,theHuaihaiCampaign,adthePingjinCampaign.MainP

16、oints:I.The1.laoshenCampaignwaslaunchedonSeptember12,1948,andlasted51days.II.TheHuaihaiCampaignwaslaunchedonNovember6,1948zandlasted66das.II1.ThePingjinCampaignwaslaunchedonNovember29,1948,andlasted62days.如果要讲解一个事件的特点、由来、意义、益处、今后的发展等等，则若要采用话题顺序法来组织要点.例如：SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthreesp

17、ecialfeaturesoftheViennaNewYearlSConcert.CentralIdea:ThreespecialfeaturesoftheViennaNewYear,sConcertmakeitapopularmusicaleventintheworld.MoinPoints：1.TheconcertfeaturestheViennaPhilharmonicOrchestraledbyworld-famousconductors.II. TheconcertfeaturesmusicalpiecesfromtheStraussfamily.III. Theconcertinc

18、ludesballetdancerswithselectedpieces.有关概念的说解性演讲（SpeechesAboutConcepts）概念包括信仲、理论、思想、原理等等.这一类话遨比前面提到的;.种要抽象.下面是一些概念说解性演讲话题的例Rpostmodernism（后现代主义）Daoism（道教）geopolitics（地缘政治）theoryofOPPO“unitycost（机会成木论）gametheory（博弈论）GoldenRule（黄金法则）由上面的一些话题可以发展出如下的具体目的陈述句：ToinformmyaudienceabouttherootsoftheGoldenRule

19、.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorprinciplesofpostmodernism.Toinformmyaudienceabouttheessentialcomponentsofgeopolitics.有关概念的说解性演讲通常来用话题顺序法来如织要点,并很讲解所提及的概念的主要特点或方面，例如：SpedficPurpose:Centralideo:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheteachingsofDaoisminChina.Daoismteachespeopletogoalongwithnature,toseekharmonynlife,

20、andtomeditateformentalpeacefulness.MainPoints:I. Daoismteachespeopletogoalongwithnature.II. Daotsmteachespeopletoseekharmonyinlife.III. Daoismteachespeopletomeditateformentalpeacefulness.下面有关孙兵法基本要旨的说解性演讲采用的也是话SS顶序法:SpecificPurpose：CentralIdeo:TolnformmyaudienceaboutthebasktenetsofSunTZUrSTheArtOfWa

21、r.ThetwobasictenetsofTheArtofWQraretoprepareadequatelyfordefenseandtoseekwisemethodsofdefeatinganenemy.MoinPoints:I.OnebasictenetofTheArtofWoristoprepareadequatelyfordefensesoastorepelanyattack.II.AnotherbasictenetofTheArtofWaristoseekwaystodefeatanenemywithoutactuallyengaginghiminbattle.另外种方法是介绍对同一

22、个概念的不同见解或疗法，例如,被称为“虎妈”的耶瞥大学法学院教授蔡美儿所倡殍的教育子女的方式在美国引起了极大的争议，下面这个演讲采用了话题顺序法来介绍这场竹议的焦点：SpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthedebateonTigerMomsparentingstyle.CentralIdea:WhilesupportersstronglyadvocateTigerMom,sparentingstyle,opponentsarevigorouslyresistanttoit.MoinPoints:I.SupportersdefendTigerMomss

23、trict,disciplinarianapproachtoherchildren.II.OpponentscallTigerMomsapproachciassiststereotypical,andtheantithesisofWesternparenting.在作有关概念的说解性演讲时,应注意避免使用专业性语盲。要将话题概念籍每济使，井只借助例证和对比来说明概念的意义.教学策略把班级分成几个小组.每个小组选一个下面给出的话也.或者是由学生自定一个话遮各小祖所选话鹿不能出史.律个小组用大约15分钟的时间准备一个两分钟的说解性演讲，最后每组选派一个组员向全班作演示,这个练习的目的是帮助学生体会

24、如何讲解一个听众不熟愿的话题，所以学生在做练习的过程中娈假设听众并不了解其他小组所选择的话题，这个练习对初学者来说会有一定的难度，下面提供的各类说解性话题仅供教师参考：HowtomakeChinesedumplings(process)atouristspotinornearBeijing(object)theoriesofinterpretation(concept)atraditionalChineseholiday(event)Howtosellusedpersonalitemsonline(process)themascotofthe31stSummerWorldUniversityG

25、ames(object)ahigh-schoolreunion(event)principlesoflegalism(concept)练习安排 课本第196-197页ExercisesforThinkingandSpeakinglz2rand4 课本第197页PublicSpeakinginYourCareerIl.说解性演讲的应用原则(TipsforInformativeSpeaking)知识柢述作说解性演讲时应注意到下面几个方面的问题：不要高估听众的知识面(DorVtOverestimateWhattheAudienceKnows)即使演讲首选择了对任何人来说都是耳熟能详的话胭，也不能主观

26、地认为听众时此话鹿有深入、全面的了斛，所以在讲解时绝对不能操之过急.无论是什么话即，讲解时都要由注入深、循序渐进。语言和内容不要过于专业化(DodtBeTooTechnicaI)。专业性过强的演讲会使观众失去兴趣与注意力.比如,演讲者如果向瞥通听众介绍纳米技术,那么诸如纳米技术概念的首提者、纳米技术的国际和国内苜用者以及纳米技术在实际生活中的广泛应用等内容时于听众来说应该是浅显易懂的：但如果演讲者试图介绍纳米技术的科学原理,那么效果一定是适得其反.另外,有时话叫本身也许并不涉及而深的专业技术，但演讲拧使用的某些词语却会令听众费解,这是因为各行各业都有自己的“行话”，普通的听众不可能时绿一种行业

27、的专门用语都熟悉.比如：附之可以说是一个大众件的话题.但如果演讲者在介绍用之时频繁地使用诸如巴锅、飞水、毛汤、养油和溜交等行业专用语，那么一定会把听众弄得一头珞水，使思想个性化(PersonaIizeYourldeas)-个性化的演讲富仃亲和力和感染力,同样的话即，如果演讲者处理方式不同，效果也会大相径庭.要想使演讲个性化并生动感人，首先要使听众进入到演讲者的意境当中，以哮喘病这一话题为例，这是一个看上去般枯燥又与听众关系不大的话题如果演讲者开头便说：IWoUldliketoinformyouaboutthecauses,symptoms,andtreatmeNofaSthma,听众会那到巽趣

28、索然；但如果演讲者用下面这段话作为开场白，听众也许会产生一些兴趣和好奇心.Youmayhaveneversufferedfromasthma,norhaveYOUrfriendsandlovedones,butIfyouwereawarethatGermancomposer1.udwigvanBeethovenzAmericanactressElizabethTaylor,andChinesewriter1.uXunareallknowntohavebeenplaguedwiththedisease,youmightwishtoknowalittlemoreaboutit.当然，个性化的演讲并

29、不仅仅限于开场白的设计,而是应该贯穿演讲的始终.演讲者应尽可能地用鲜明、生动的例广来解糅一鼓事物、埋论和概念,尽信考虑到听众的兴也和所关心小P“情，甚至在演讲榭你们”、”你们的；他r、”他的这些个性化的？眼，也会非常有助于听众领会演讲者所要表达的意思.避免表达的抽象化(AvoidAbstractions)*对于听众来说，具体化的表达比抽象化的表达更能说明何翘，演讲者可以通过使用描述、对比和时照这些手法来避免表达抽象化，要表现出独创性(BeCreative)-一个出色的说解性演讲完全不同于一铝百利全书中的说明文.同其他类型的演讲样.说解性演讲也霜要良好的创意。演讲者的独创性可以我现在不同的方面，

30、从选题到演讲稿的撰写、从演示的摞练到视觉辅助物的设计，可以说，演讲者发挥独创性的机会无所不在。教学策整观看演讲录像教师布置学生在课堂上或是在课后观看深本里的录愎Vids13.3-13.5和A-S.然后如织课堂讨论。使用视觉辅助物是说解性演讲作业的一个重要加成部分,在观看录像时，要特别提醒学生观察演讲者对视觉辅助物的选择、设计、制作、以及展示的效果.分析演讲范文本章收录/对三篇演讲(Videos13.4-3.5,A-5)的分析点评.敦师可以选择其中一篇演讲,将文本发给学生(教材附录有录像VideoA-S的文本)，布置学生在课下阅读演讲文本并分析本章讲到的说解性演讲的五项指导原则在范文中的运用情况

31、，然后下节课组织讨论。教师可以补充讲解学生在讨论中忽略的问题.嫌习安排,教师用书本章SectionThree：TeachingResources中的EvaluationformsandInstructionalworksheets部分InformativeSpeechSelf-Assessment教师用书本章SectionThree:TeachingResources中的Evaluationformsandinstructionalworksheets部分InformativeSpeechPreparationWorksheet课本录像VideOSI3.3-13.5.VideoA-SSecti

32、onTwo:TextbookExercisesPART 1: :EXERCISEFORTHINKINGANDSPEAKING(fromtextpages196-197)1. PrepareaspecificpurposestatementforanInformativespeechabouttwoofthetopicslistedbelow.Explainwhatmethodoforganizationyouwouldmostlikelyuseinstructuringaspeechabouteachofyourspecificpurposestatements.hobbiessportste

33、chnologysciencemusichealthTeachingNote这个练习要求学生为两个说解性演讲的话题写出具体目的陈述句，并旦解择哪一种立四方法比较适合用来组织有关这两个话题的演讲,如果教师招第4章和第7章安排在说解性演讲这一单元，就么可以放弃这个练习，而选用第4章和第7章的练习。2. Popularnonfictionwritingoftenprovideshelpfulmodelsofinformativediscourseontechnicaltopics.Selectanarticleofinterestfromthemedicine,science,orbusinesss

34、ectionofanEnglish-languagemagazineornewspaper.Prepareabriefreportonthearticleansweringeachofthefollowingquestions:a. Howeffectivelydoestheauthoruseexplanation,description,comparison,contrast,andexamplestomakethesubjectdearandinterestingtonontechnicalreaders?b. Identifytwotechniquesusedinthearticleth

35、atyoumightwanttotryinyourinformativespeeches.TeachingNote这个作业难度较大适用干有定基础的演讲学习书如果我加敢投的是演讲课的高级班.或者教师计划布置学生完成两个或两个以上的说解性演讲作业，那么这个练习会大有帮助O3. AnalyzewSupervocanoes:TheSleepingGiants/whichisprintedintheappendixofspeechesforappreciationandanalysisattheendofthebook.Evaluateitsuseofthetipsforinformativespeak

36、ingdiscussedlthischapter.TeachingNote这篇演讲很好地运用r本章谈到的说解类演讲的五项应用原则.是一篇优秀范例.演讲者将一个本来枯燥的、专业性较强的题目演示地非常有趣(为了招助听众更好地理解演讲内容，演讲者并没有使川专业性较强的术语,而是使用大家熟悉的词汇同时借助并有效展示了丰富的视觉辅助物，比如地图、图画、图解等。演讲者注击观听众之间保持目光接触，非常白信地完成了演示。下面是对这篇演讲的一个详细分析.DetailedAnalysisSiipervolcanoes:TheSkei)gGiantsSPEECHCOMMENTARYIHurricanes.Earth

37、quakes.Tornados.Tsunamis.Werefamiliarwiththesenaturaldisasters.Buttorallthedeathanddestructiontheycause,thcj,rcminusculecomparedtothefullforceofplanetEarth.BeneathourfeetarewhatNaiiomilGeofraphicCHlSsleepinggiantsothat*sliroccasionally0bulwillsomedaywakeupandroarwithunprecedentedforce.*,2 VVhatarcth

38、esedeepinggiants?Inaword:Supcnolcanocs.SupcnfOlcanocsdonteruptoften,butwhentheydo,theyIranstbrmourworld.sageosciencemajor.vebeenfascinatedbySuPCrVOICimoeSforalongtime,but1knowevenmoreaboutthemafterdoingresearchforthisspeech.3 Today,vc,llfirstexamine(hemechanicsofSupcrvolcanocsSecond,wellexaminethewa

39、yIheyshapeourWOrIdAndthird,welllookataSupcrvoIcanothatslocatedrighthereintheUnitedStates.1.et,sbeginwith(hemechanics.4 Supcrvolcanocsaretheresultofmassivemagmapoolsbeneaththeearth*ssurface.Magniaconsistsprimarilyofmoltenrock.Asa2014ankleinthejournalNatureGeosdenceexplains,magmaseepsfromdeepintheeart

40、hintogiantchambersintheearthscrust,whereitcoolsandhardens.Overtime,moremagmaseepsintothechamberandpushesittowardthesurface.Overtensofthousandsorevenmillionsofyears,enoughpressurebuildsuptoproduceasupcrolcano.5 Scientistshavecreatedascaletomeasurevolcaniceruptions.ItscalledtheVolcanicExplasivityIndex

41、,orVEI.andtsbasedontheamountofdebrisreleasedintotheatmospherebyaneruption.AsseenonthischartfromtheU.S.GeologicalSurveyWebsite,theVEIconsistsofaneight-stepscale;eachSlCPis10timesmorepowerfulthantheprecedingSlep.6 ASupcrvolcanoisuphereatthetop-VEI8.Forcomparison,thefamouseruptionofMaSupervokanoeruptio

42、nislike1,000atomicbombsgoingo11-ever),second.lhcspeakergainsattentionandinterestbyarousingtheaudiencescuriosityaboutthe,sleepinggiantsbeneathourtcct.Herethespeakerrevealsthetopicofherspeech,statesthecentralidea,andestablisheshercredibility.Afterpreviewingthemainpointscobediscussedin(herestofthespeec

43、h,thespeakerPrOVideSatransitionfromtheintroductiontothebody.MainpointonedealswiththemechanicsofSupenolcanoeswstartingwithhow(hebuildupofmagmaleadstoaneruption.Here,asthroughoutthespeech,well-designedvisualaidshelpthespeakercommunicatetechnicalinformationclearlyandinterestingly.Mainpointonecontinuesw

44、ithadiscussionoftheVolcanicExplosivityIndex(VEI).whichisusedtomeasurevolcaniceruptions.Thespeakerexplainstheindexclearlyandconcisely.Thespeakercompletesmainpointonebycomparing(hepowerofaSupcrvokanotoM(.Vcsuviusandtoanatomicbomb.Comparisonisanexcellentwaytoavoidabstractionsandtoclarityideasinaninform

45、ativespeech.7NowIhaIWeunderstandsonicofthebasicsofSupervolcanocs.letstakealookatIheways(hey,veshapedourworld.AccordingtotheBBC,scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan15Supcrvolcanocs.Asyoucanseefromthismap.mostarclocatedinEastAsia,NorthAmerica,andSouthAmerica.8Thetcll*taksignofanancientSUPCrVUIcam)isagiant

46、craterknownasacaldera,l*hcphotoyouseehereisacalderathatisnow1.akeToba,inIndonesia.Thelargestvolcaniclakeintheworld,itwascreatedbyaSupcrvolcanoeruption75.000yearsago.ThisaerialviewfromaNASAsatellitegivesyouasenseoftheTobacaldera,whichis1Smileswideand60mileslong.qButSupcrvolcanocsdontaffectjusttheinne

47、dia(earea.AccordingtoarcotonNPR.theamountofashpropelledintoIhCatmospherebyasupervolcanocandarkentheskyaroundtheworldtorsolongthattemperaturesdecreasebyanaverageof20degreesFahrenheit.A2017studyinNatureConimunuxitioiisslatesthatSUPCrVOIeanoeruptionscanproduceearthquakes,landslides,andtsunamisthatlastforlensofthousandsofyears.IOFortuiwicly.thelikelihoodofanyofusZingaroundforaSupcreniplionisalmostnonexistent.ThUlastoneOCCllnedinNewZealand26.500yearsago.11ButthereisaSupcnolcanorightherein(heUnitedSta