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1、外文文献原稿和译文原 稿Mechanical and Regenerative Braking Integration for a Hybrid Electric VehicleAbstractHybrid electric vehicle technology has bee a preferred method for the automotiveindustry to reduce environmental impact and fuel consumption of their vehicles. Hybridelectric vehicles acplish these reduc
2、tions through the use of multiple propulsionsystems, namely an electric motor and internal bustion engine, which allow theelimination of idling, operation of the internal bustion engine in a more efficient mannerand the use of regenerative braking. However, the added cost of the hybrid electric syst
3、emhas hindered the sales of these vehicles.A more cost effective design of an electro-hydraulic braking system is presented.The system electro-mechanically controlled the boost force created by the brake boosterindependently of the driver braking force and with adequate time response. The systemallo
4、wed for the blending of the mechanical and regenerative braking torques in a mannertransparent to the driver and allowed for regenerative braking to be conducted efficiently.A systematic design process was followed, with emphasis placed on demonstratingconceptual design feasibility and preliminary d
5、esign functionality using virtual and physicalprototyping. The virtual and physical prototypes were then used in bination as apowerful tool to validate and develop the system. The role of prototyping in the designprocess is presented and discussed.Through the experiences gained by the author during
6、the design process, it isremended that students create physical prototypes to enhance their educationalexperience. These experiences are evident throughout the thesis presented.1.1 Modern Hybrid Electric VehiclesWith rising gas prices and the overwhelming concern for the environment, consumers and t
7、he government have forced the automotive industry to start producing more fuel efficient vehicles with less environmental impact. One promising method that is currently being implemented is the hybrid electric vehicle.Hybrid vehicles are defined as vehicles that have two or more power sources 25. Th
8、ere are a large number of possible variations, but the most mon layout of hybrid vehicles today bines the power of an internal bustion engine (ICE) with the power of an electric motor and energy storage system (ESS). These vehicles are often referred to as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) 25. These t
9、wo power sources are used in conjunction to optimize the efficiency and performance of the vehicle, which in turn will increase fuel economy and reduce vehicle emissions, all while delivering the performance the consumer requires. In 1997, the Toyota Prius became the first hybrid vehicle introduced
10、into mass production in Japan. It took another three years for the first mass produced hybrid vehicle, the Honda Insight, to be introduced into the North American market. The release of the Honda Insight was closely followed by the release of the Toyota Prius in North America a couple of months late
11、r 35.Hybrid electric vehicles have the distinct advantage of regenerative braking. The electric motor, normally used for propulsion, can be used as a generator to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle back into electrical energy during braking, rather than wasting energy as heat. This electrical ene
12、rgy can then be stored in an ESS (e.g. batteries or ultracapacitors) and later released to propel the vehicle using the electric motor.This process bees even more important when considering the energy density ofbatteries pared to gasoline or diesel fuel. Energy density is defined as the amount ofene
13、rgy stored in a system per unit volume or mass 44. To illustrate this point, 4 kilograms(4.5 litres) of gasoline will typically give a motor vehicle a range of 50 kilometres. To storethe same amount of useful electric energy it requires a lead acid battery with a mass ofabout 270 kilograms 25. This
14、demonstrates the need for efficient regenerative brakingto store electrical energy during driving, which in turn will keep the mass of the energystorage system down and improve the performance and efficiency of the HEV.1.2 Research Scope - Regenerative Braking SystemsThe scope of the research presen
15、ted is to create a low cost regenerative braking system to be used on future economical hybrid vehicles to study the interaction between regenerative and mechanical braking of the system. This system should be able to control the bination of both regenerative and mechanical braking torque depending
16、on driver demand and should be able to do so smoothly and safely. Controlling the regenerative braking torque can be done using control algorithms and vector control for induction motors. However, controlling the mechanical braking torque independently of the driver pedal force, while maintaining pr
17、oper safety back-ups, proved to be more of a challenge. To overe this problem, a system was developed that would attenuate the pressure in the brake booster in order to control the amount of mechanical torque developed by the braking system2.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle OverviewHybrid vehicles have eme
18、rged as one of the short term solutions for reducing vehicleemissions and improving fuel economy. Over the past 10 years almost all of the majorautomotivepanies have developed and released for sale their own hybrid electricvehicles to the public. The popularity of hybrid electric vehicles has grown
19、considerably since the turn ofthe century. With enormous pressure to bee more environmentally friendly and withunpredictable gas prices, the sales of hybrid electric vehicles have increased dramaticallyin recent years. 2.1.1 Hybrid ConfigurationsFor the past 100 years the objective of the hybrid has
20、 been to extend the range of electricvehicles and to overe the problem of long recharging times 35. There are threepredominant hybrid electric vehicle configurations currently on the market today. Theseconfigurations are known as series hybrids, parallel hybrids and series/parallel hybrids.Each conf
21、iguration has its advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed in the following sections.Series HybridsIn series hybrids the mechanical output from the internal bustion engine is used todrive a generator which produces electrical power that can be stored in the batteries orused to power an e
22、lectric motor and drive the wheels. There is no direct mechanicalconnection between the engine and the driven wheels. Series hybrids tend to be used inhigh power systems such as large trucks or lootives but can also be used for lower power passenger vehicles 18. The mechanically generated electrical
23、 power is bined with the power from the battery in an electronic controller. This controller then pares the driver demand with the vehicle speed and available torque from the electric motor to determine the amount of power required from each source to drive the vehicle. During braking, the controlle
24、r also switches the power electronics to regenerative mode, and directs the power being regenerated to the batteries 55.There are many advantages made possible by the arrangement described above. It is possible to run the ICE constantly at its most efficient operating point and share its electrical
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