大学英语四级写作技巧.ppt

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1、大学英语四级写作技巧,一写作的目的及要求二、评分原则 三、四级短文写作,目的：测试学生用英语书面表达思想的能 力，能够直接有效地测出考生综合 运用语言的能力，较准确地反映考 生的英语水平。,一写作的目的及要求,要求:大学英语作文测试要求考生能够运用 学到的语言知识，按规矩的题目要 求，在30分钟内写出一篇120个词左右 的短文，语义连贯，表达正确，无重 大语法错误。题目的内容包括科技，社会，文化，或日常生活等方面的一 般常识。题目形式多种多样，有提纲 作文，段首句作文，关键词作文，图 表作文，书信作文，和规定情景作文 等。,1.四级作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按

2、语言点的错误数目扣分。2.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切的表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,二.评分原则,考生要有较坚实的语言功底，具有一定的英语短文的写作知识，而且也要具备一定的写作技巧。下面，我们拟就段落写作、书信写作、图标写作三方面讲解四级短文写作。,三、四级短文写作,段落写作,一段落的组成段落大多由三个部分组成：主题句(Topic sentence)；扩展句（Developing sentences）；结尾句(E

3、nding sentence).,1.主题句 主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。E.g.Smoking is harmful to peoples health.,E.g.Smoking is harmful to peoples health.Medical science has now proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other diseases such as emphysema.Your chances of having a heart

4、attack also increase the more you smoke.Smoking is definitely a health hazard.,2.扩展句 扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a house in the low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area(主题句).If we want to economize and get more personal area,we

5、 can choose the low-rise;but if we want to live more comfortably,we will choose the high-rise(扩展句).In a word,the key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort(结尾句).,3.结尾句 结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.English is favored on the following grounds.It is the official language of a number

6、 of countries.Of other countries,it is their second language.In still others,English is spoken as their major foreign language.Thats why English is so popular in our present world.,二.段落的基本特征要写好段落就要清楚段落应具有的基本特征，即统一性(unity)，连贯性(coherence)，简洁性(conciseness)，重点突出(emphasis)，用字遣句有变换(variety),1.段落的统一性,一个段落只

7、有一个主题。组成该段落的所有句子都应为这个主题服务。任何与主题无关的内容，任何不能支持段落主题的内容都必须舍弃。例如：Autumn is a good season for picnic.The weather is fine and it is not as hot as it is in the summer.People feel cool and comfortable.The scenery is very beautiful with all kinds of flowers here and there.And there are various kinds of fruits.

8、The peasants begin to gather in crops and fruits.,修改后的段落为：,Autumn is a good season for picnic.It is easy for people to choose a fine day for an outing because the weather is always nice，neither too hot nor too cold.The scenery is beautiful，too.The red leaves covering the mountains，the wild flowers b

9、ooming in the fields and colorful fruits hanging on the trees are all pleasant to look at.A picnic in the open air in autumn will certainly be enjoyed by everyone.,2.段落的连贯性,一个段落除了内容统一,意思完整之外,句与句之间还必须按一个清晰,合乎逻辑的顺序安排内容,转折自然,结构紧凑.Since she lost her weight,Carole has changed her image.She no longer wear

10、s dark-colored clothes.In fact,she often wears red,pink,and even bright orange.In addition to wearing bright clothes,she has lighted the color of her hair.From mousy brown,she has progressed to sun-streaked blonde.,三.段落内外的衔接过渡为确保段落内容的连贯性，除了内容安排要符合一定的顺序外，句子与句子之间还应使用过渡句型或者是连接语。,例一：(1)To develop touris

11、m has advantages.Tourism helps develop a nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy.Tourism provides jobs for many people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment.Tourism helps increase understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of

12、the world.上段无连接词语，实质是一堆简单句的拼凑，读起来枯燥乏味。,(2)To develop tourism has many advantages.In the first place,tourism helps develop a nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy.In the second place,tourism provides jobs for many people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment.T

13、hird,tourism helps increase understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of the world.上段虽然也是由简单的句子组成，但由于有效使用了连接词语，并不给人留下简单的印象；相反，读者通过连接词语，正确地了解到作者所陈述的many advantages的具体内容。,作文常用句式和过渡连接词,A proverb says It is easy to see that As the proverb says The pie graph shows Some

14、 people say that No one can deny that Many people believe thatAs we all know thatIt is quite clear thatVarious views exist as to,butThere is much discussion about/attention to,扩展段的过渡性词语或常用句式,Clearly,However,Obviously,Similarly,Moreover,Likewise,In addition to,Meanwhile,In contrast to,In principle,Fi

15、rst,second,Third,FinallyLast but not the least,Not only but alsoFor one thing,for another,On the one hand,On the other hand,It is true that butThere is no doubt that,终结段与扩展段之间的过渡词语,Personally,To sum up,As for me,To summarize,As far as I am concerned,To conclude,In my opinion,As a result,To be frank,

16、I think For this(very)reason,With respect to From this point of view,It follows thatAll in all,In summary,In short,In a word,On the whole,段落之间的转接承启词语,结论归纳过渡词 generally,speaking generally,as a general rule,in general,in a sense,on a larger scale,at a local level,to take the idea further,in a way,to s

17、ome extent,in my view,practically speaking,in terms of,in some respects,all in all,in a word,on the whole,as far as I am concerned,etc,表例证关系的过渡性词,for example,for instance,as an example,as an illustration,such as,a case in point is,to illustrate,in particular,specifically,say,next,namely,that is,like

18、,take as an example,etc.,让步过渡词,although,however,nevertheless,in spite of,it is true but,even though,but,granted that,yet,at the very worst,admittedly,though,still after all,of course,clearly,and still,etc.,常用表因果关系的过渡词语,because,as,since,for,owing to,because of,due to,on account of,as a result of,for

19、the reason,result from,thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,for this reason,on that account,as a consequence,it follows that,result in,contribute to,四.段落写作常用方法 1.列举法,2.举例法,3.比较和对照法,4.因果法,5.分类法,6.时间顺序,7.空间顺序,8.综合法,1.列举法 列举法是指在主题句之后列举足够的（至少三个）足以支持主题观点的具体细节.Bicycle has many advantages.First

20、,it is handy and convenient.It can carry you to anywhere you like in city and does not need a large parking place.Secondly,it is not so expensive,and therefore,every family can afford to buy it and to repair it.Thirdly,it does not cause air pollution.Besides,it does good to your health if you ride i

21、t regularly,2.举例法举例法通常指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中包含的中心思想.Public television in American presents many kinds of programs.There are news and opinion programs.There are films about social and historical events.And there are shows about science and nature.There are shows to teach people how to cook,grow vegetables or

22、 fix a house.There are many drama programs produced in Britain.And there are programs that present music,dance and theater of America.,3.比较和对照法比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似点。(1).整体对比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1,A2,A3,;B1,B2,B3）(2)逐项对比。即双方同时描述，逐点进行比较（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；）,整体对比 It is easy to be a winner.A

23、winner can show his joy publicly.He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory.People love to be with winners.Winners are never lonely.Unlike winners,losers are the lonely ones of the world.It is difficult to face defeat with dignity.Losers can not show their disappointment publicly.They

24、 can not cry or grieve about their defeat.They must suffer privately,but they must be composed in public.They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.,逐项对比 My two friends have similar and different characteristics,such as appearance,personality and hobbies.Wendy is short and blon

25、de.In contrast,Lisa is taller than Wendy,and Lisas hair is much darker and curlier than Wendys.Wendy is the shy type and doesnt talk loudly when other people are there.On the other hand,Lisa is more outgoing than Wendy and likes to speak more.Both Lisa and Wendy enjoy doing different things,and they

26、 do them well.For instance,Wendy is a folk dancer,and she dances more gracefully than Lisa,but Lisa can play baseball better than Wendy.Wendy and Lisa are friends;for this reason,other people like to compare them.,4.因果法 因果法是指按事物的因果关系发展段落.可以先把结果提出来,然后解释其(多种)原因,也可以先列出原因,再说明其(多个)结果.(1).先因后果(2).先果后因,(1)

27、.先因后果 Since I have changed my curriculum to law enforcement,there have been amazing consequences.First of all,I am now interested in my courses.I am so interested,in fact,that I have done a lot of extra reading for the course.Also,my parents are much more involved with what I am doing in school sinc

28、e my father is a policeman.Finally,my grades have shown remarkable improvement.I expected better grades to result form the switch,but I never thought I would get all the As I have been getting.,(2).先果后因 Guiyou Restaurant is losing business for three major reasons.First,customers are staying away bec

29、ause of the unsanitary conditions in the restaurant.The tables are often messy and the floors dirty.In addition,the service is poor.The waiters and waitresses are generally slow and unfriendly.The waiters and waitresses wear uniforms.Most important of all,customers are not pleased with the food at G

30、uiyou Restaurant.The meals are of poor quality and overpriced.,5.分类法 分类，即将某一复杂的事物分拆开来，根据性质、形态、成因功能等属性的差别分成若干类，然后逐一进行说明.Chinese food can be classified into four types:northern,coastal,inland and southern.Northern Chinese food is light and delicate.Beijing duck is an example of a northern specialty.Co

31、astal food contains a lot of soy sauce and sugar,soy sauce chicken is typical of this area.Most inland food is very spicy and contains hot pepper.Kang-pao chicken,for example,is found in the inland area.Food from the southern area is often stir-fried and contains highly concentrated chicken broth.,6

32、.时间顺序 How to make a telephone call?First,you lift the telephone receiver.Then,you listen for the dial tone.Next,you dial the number you want.After that,you carry on a conversation.Finally,when finished you put the receiver back in the telephone.,7.空间顺序 My room is on the second floor of Dorm No.3.It

33、is a small rectangular room with a white ceiling and green walls.As you enter the room,straight ahead you will see two large windows.My bed which is covered with a blue bedspread is under the left window.Under the right window is Marks bed.Desks and chairs are placed in the middle of the room.Behind

34、 the door there is a built-in closet.,8.综合法：同时使用几种不同的方法来展开段落例如：The United States Census Bureau reports that Las Vegas is the fastest growing city in the United States.The population increased almost 14 percent between 1990 and 1992.The city now has more the 970 thousand people（例证）.There are several

35、reasons why people are moving to Las Vegas（列举原因）.The weather is always warm and sunny.There are many jobs in the building industry and in the hotels.There are no earthquakes.And people do not have to pay taxes on the money they earn（原因）.,英文书信,信头(heading)信头指的是发信人的地址以及发信日期.一般写在信纸的右上角.先写发信的地址,地址的书写顺是由小

36、到大,依次为:门牌号、街名、城市名、省或州名、邮政编码、国名 如在院系寄信的,地址顺序应为:班级、年级、系名、院名、学校名、城市名、省州名、邮政编码、国名 发信日期单独成行.日期要按英语习惯书写,常用写法有两种:月、日、年,如:June 3,2002 或者日、月、年,如:3rd June,2002 在年份之前有一个逗号如果信是写给熟悉的人,常常只写日期就可以了.,2.称呼(Salutation)称呼指对收信人的称呼.称呼语后常用逗号“，”第一类书信是写给个人.1)写信人认识收信人,但关系不是很亲密Dear Mr.(Miss,Dr,Prof等),后接收信人姓氏,如:Dear Mr.Smith,D

37、ear Dr Tan,Dear Miss Chen,Dear President，2)写给朋友，两人关系较为亲密，可直呼其名，如：Dear Mary,Dear Jack,Dear Mom,等第二类书信是写给某个团体组织或机构的1)写信人不认识其负责人,称呼语可用Dear Sir，或者Dear Sir or Madam，2)写信人认识其负责人可称Dear Mr.Black,Dear Professor Chen.,3.正文(Body)正文是信的主体部分，正文每段第一行往右缩进个字母英语信件习惯上不用“你好”开头，可以直接用一两句话讲明写信的目的所以正文常为三个部分：开头段，正文段和结尾段,4.结

38、束语(Complimentary close)结束语是正文下面的写信人对收信人的谦称一般从信纸中央稍右的地方写起，第一个字母要大写，后面要用逗号不同的通信关系要用不同的结束语 写给公司或相识的人 Yours(very)truly,Yours(very)faithfully,Yours(very)sincerely,Yours(very)cordially,写给上司或长辈 Yours(very)respectfully,写给亲朋好友 Yours(ever),Your sincere/good friend,your loving mother/son，,.签名(Signature)署名发信人的签

39、名写在结束语下面一行，信纸中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上亲笔签名，以示郑重签名时，一般写上全名,6.信内地址(Inside address)信内地址指的是收信人的姓名职务单位及地址.多见于正式的商务信件,私人信件可以省略不写.第一行写收信人姓名,第二行写地址.,18 Hanzheng StreetWuhan,Hubei 430020P.R.ChinaOct.25,1994,Dear Mr.William Madison,-,Yours sincerely,Patrick Baker,Mr.William MadisonGeneral ManagerRoss Engineering

40、 Associates1767 Palm StreetLong Beach,CA96104U.S.A.,1）考试要求 书信作文一般只要求考生写出书信日期、称呼、正文、结束语和签名部分，其中正文是主要的测试内容。2）写作要点 书信的文字一定要具体、明确、重点突出，使收信人看信时能一目了然。,I am a sophomore majoring in Civic Engineering.I am writing to you to say something about the canteen service on campus.When stepping into the bright and s

41、pacious canteen,we are immediately attracted by the white rice and the smell of various dishes.The service persons are always smiling and fairly enthusiastic for their work.But we get a little surprised when paying for the food,because its price is twice that of the university nearby.The high price

42、is the biggest obstacle for us to have a delicious meal.On this account a number of students have to choose the food that is cheap and with little nutrition.It is unhealthful to our health and reduces the effectiveness in our learning.So it is advisable to drop the food price in our canteen.As to wh

43、at percentage of price should be reduced,a student poll may be helpful.I am one of thousands of the students who are zealous to see our university take efforts to reduce the price.Yours respectfully,Li Ming,January 12th,2002,Dear Mr.President,Last week,I was informed that I won the first prize of th

44、e Fifth Youth Novelists Competition.I feel that my achievement in writing is mainly attributed to your love and support.So I am writing to extend my sincere thanks from thousands of miles away.I still remembered how frustrated I was when you strongly objected to my ideas of being a novelist at the v

45、ery beginning.But at last,you showed your love and support for my dream.It is your love that motivates me to never give up being an insightful writer.In the end,I want to thank you again for your consisting support for my dream.Your encouragement will be the very power to help me make greater progre

46、ss.I am looking forward to receiving your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming,June 12th,2016,Dear Mom,书信写作的五点要求,1、开门见山说意图2、咨询/建议1、2、3、3、不同内容可分段4、感谢客气不可少5、期待回信成老套,常用书信作文句型,With regard to your inquiry about.,Id like to make some suggestions.I am writing to express my views concerning.I am very sorry to occu

47、py your precious time,but I really need to talk about.,常用书信作文句型,I am very sorry to take up your precious time,but I am writing to express my views concerning.I would like to suggest that.I would like to make a recommendation that.May I suggest that.?If I were you,I would.,常用书信作文句型,Please take good c

48、onsideration of my advice.I hope what I mentioned above will.I am looking forward to.I am very pleased to write this letter to.,常见的图表类型有:1.table(表格)2.curve graph(曲线)3.Bar Graph(柱状)4.Pie Graph(饼状),图表作文,1)表格(table),它表示多种事物的相互关系,2)曲线(curve graph),它常用表示事物的变化趋势:,3)柱状(Bar Graph)它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系,4)饼状(Pi

49、e Graph)表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系,图表式作文的特点一般涉及5个方面：描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议.四级考试一般从这5项内容中选出3个内容考察学生的写作水平。,Features,Writing Steps Useful Expressions in Graph Writing,Writing Strategy,Writing Steps(图表作文的写作步骤):1)分析图表及说明文字;2)观察数字变化趋势,分析主旨,得出中心论点;3)列提纲;4)写作,Useful Expressions in Graph Writing(1)According to fi

50、gures shown in the table/graph/chart/pie we can see/conclude that(2)The graph shows/tells/reveals that(3)As is shown/can be seen in the chart that(4)The table is/gives information/about(5)The table represents the development and changes in(6)After considering the information in the table we might co