大学英语四级写作讲座.ppt

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1、四级英语写作 讲座,目前的命题形式和出题方式三段式作文的篇章布局段落展开方法：时间顺序 举例法 因果法 对比对照法 方法类描述文：人物描写图表式写作：描述议论各个学期的写作教学训练安排,命题形式和出题方式,主要是提纲式作文（约占题目总数的70），其次是图表式作文（约占16），还有少量其他形式的作文（如书信，给出题目和提示的作文等，约占14）。图表式作文是六级和研究生入学考试中写作部分出现频率较高的写作方式，也是考查考生最基本的分析问题、说明问题和英语表达能力的一种题型。,Types of Writing,Description,Narration,Exposition,Argumentatio

2、n,2008.12.Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags2009.6.Free Admission to Museums2009.12.Create a Green Campus2010.6.Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling,说明文,议论文,2010.12 How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?2008.6.Recreational Activities2006.12 On the Spring Festival Gala2011.

3、6Online Shopping,2007.6.Welcome to Our Club2006.6.A Poster Recruiting Volunteers2005.1.A Campaign Speech2004.1.A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction,应用文,2005.6.Honor for My Teacher2003.6.An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident2003.9.The Day My Classmate Fell Ill(or Got Injured),记叙文,内容和题材

4、,就内容和题材而言，历年来的作文内容主要偏重于工作，就业，学习和日常生活，交通，及社会热门话题等方面。,Three Paragraph Essay,Introductoryparagraph,Body paragraph,Concluding paragraph,Introductoryparagraph,rouse the readers interests,from what point to startin what direction to go,Beginning,1.通过问题引入主题：Do you ever think you have to pay the tuition and

5、 fees yourself?2.通过谚语或名人名言引入主题：As one proverb says,“More haste,less speed.”3.通过数据引入主题：The number of students enrolled in colleges and universities was 0.2 million and rose to 1.2 million in 1998.,4.通过定义引入主题：Lucky numbers are numbers which sound like some Chinese characters meaning good fortune.For e

6、xample,8 is associated with wealth or fortune making.5.以对照方式引入主题：Its generally believed that stress is something unpleasant,but it is inconceivable that anyone should have no stress at all.,Beginning,Body paragraph,Develop the main points of the composition by giving support to the main idea in the

7、thesis.,Body,是首段的延伸，是短文的主体部分。扩展段内部各要点之间，通常需要过渡词的连接。,避免写出与主题句不相关的句子。段落的每个句子都必须紧紧围绕主题句展开，任何一句偏离主题的句子都将大大破坏段落的统一性和完整性。正确使用过渡性词语，使段落各扩展句之间、扩展句与主题句之间具有逻辑上的连贯性。过渡词即起承、启、转、接作用的连接性词语，这些词语不仅能强化细节间的逻辑关联性，还能使一个本来结构松散凌乱的段落变得通顺、连贯、紧凑。避免句式的趋同单一，尽量变换句型，混合使用简单句、并列句和复合句。四、六级写作除了要求语言表达的正确无误、句子合乎语法外，还对表达的灵活性、多样性和习惯性提出

8、了一定的要求。,Concluding paragraph,Dont leave your readers hanging.,Be short and forceful.Be made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed.No new ideas should be introduced.,结论段,与主题段遥相呼应，应照应、深化主题，综合概括全文。把握主题句的关键词，但不用与主题句相同的句式。表述与主题句一致的内容，但必须从某个角度对主题句进行深化；或回答主题句中所暗示的问题，

9、或提出自己的建议，或表述自己的观点，或进一步提出问题发人深省。,1.提问终结法：But with the problem of population explosion becoming more and more serious,only time can tell whether this gain in health is a blessing or curse.2.谚语格言终结法：Therefore,whatever we do,we must keep in mind:Diligence is the mother of good fortune.,Ending,3.综合概括终结法：

10、In a word,as long as government and consumers act hand in hand,fake and inferior goods will find no way into the market.4.建议忠告终结法：The secret of coping with stress is not to avoid it but to do what you like to do and what you were made to do,at your own rate.5.观点评论终结法：In my opinion,building undergrou

11、nd railways is better than opening more bus routes.,Ending,Beginning,Body,过渡词,Body,Ending,过渡句,过渡句,过渡句,过渡句,Types of Writing,Description,Narration,Exposition,Argumentation,段落展开,主题句,主题句,扩展句,扩展句,扩展句,结论句,总,分,总,一般来说，英语是一个段落一个核心，或者说一个段落只能有一个中心思想，各段各句要围绕这一中心思想展开或铺叙，凡是与中心思想无关的句子都不能出现在段落中。,一致性原则,Watching TV h

12、as become a very common activity in every family.It has become a necessity to some modern young people.And it is also an easy way to fritter away retired peoples time.By watching news report,people can know recent social events and important affairs of homeland and the world,or are attracted by a TV

13、 play.However,watching TV cannot take place of reading and outdoors activities.But in brief,watching TV has already been a part of modern life.,段落展开方法,时间顺序,记叙文,写作一般以情节发生的时间先后为序，开头发展结尾。也可以从故事或事件的中间或结尾写起，采用“穿插”或“倒叙”手法来写。,Five Aspects,When,Where,Who,What,How,On the morning of the college entrance test

14、I rode a bike to the school where I would take the examination.Less than halfway between my house and the school,disaster struck.My bike hit a nail and the front tyre went flat.I pushed the bike along the streets,looking for a repair shop.Minutes passed but still there was none to be found.When I lo

15、oked at my watch,I went wild with worry:there were only 15 minutes left before the examination began,and the nearest bus stop was a long way off.Not knowing what to do,I stood still by the side of the road,tears welling up in my eyes.Then a car pulled in and I heard a voice asking what the matter wa

16、s.When he heard my story,the driver offered me a lift.Thanks to his kindness,I arrived just in time.And so here I am today.,A Memorable Experience,time,hero,place,matter,书信,business correspondence,personal correspondence,The salutation,The signature,The complimentary close,FORMAT,Personal Correspond

17、ence,投诉信,A Letter of Complaint,2004.6.六级 A Letter to Editor of a Newspaper你买了一本字典，有质量问题。售后服务不好。你将该情况反映给报社的编辑。要求：.事情的起因.与书店交涉的过程3.呼吁服务行业服务质量的提高,假设你是王明，昨天你到超市购物，对一位服务人员的服务态度不满，写封信找经理投诉。,自我介绍,写信的目的,记叙事件过程,愿望,Dear Sir/Madam,Sincerely Yours,Wang Ming,Dear Sir/Madam,My name is Wang Ming.I am an ordinary c

18、onsumer of your supermarket.I write this letter to place a complaint against one of your shop-assistants concerning her bad service in the course of my shopping yesterday.,Yesterday morning I intended to buy my sister a radio as a birthday present.One of your shop-assistants numbered 10 was asked to

19、 take several ones for me to choose at the same time.In such a situation,it was the assistants duty either to do what she was asked to do or to explain why she was unable to comply with such a request.Instead of attending to her duty politely,she turned a deaf ear to my request and walked away in a

20、bad mood.,记叙文,Consumers deserve a much better service.I hope you could look into this unsatisfactory state of affairs and take measures to prevent a similar unpleasant matter from happening again in the future.I look forward to hearing from you!,愿望,Sincerely Yours,Wang Ming,感谢信,A Letter of Thanks,Su

21、ppose you suddenly fainted on the street one day and a policeman took you to hospital and you received timely treatment.Write a letter of thanks to a police station.Your letter should include the following:1.a description of your case2.thanks to the policeman and the police station,自我介绍,写信的目的,记叙事件过程

22、,愿望:表示感谢,（2005.6.）A Letter to Your Teacher,1.向老师表达节日祝贺2.从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3.我如何回报老师的关爱,邀请信,发出邀请A“你能来参加我的Party吗”,April 20,2010Dear Fiona,I am going to hold a dinner party with several other friends of ours.The party will be held in Room 6 of Lijing Hotel at 5:00 p.m.today,I sincerely hope you can at

23、tend and we will have a very happy time together.Please let me know whether you can make it.Yours,Amelia点评：本类邀请函的要点是体现自己作为举办方的诚意，即高亮部分。主要思路为：简述自己要举办的活动内容活动的时间地点表达自己的诚意期望对方予以答复。,发出邀请B“你愿意和我去参加XX活动吗”,April 20,2010Dear Fiona,Here is a piece of good news for you.The*will give a performance in the*tomorr

24、ow evening.I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.The performance will begin at seven oclock sharp.I will wait for you at the theater entrance.Please let me know whether you can make it at your earliest convenience.Yours,Amelia点评：本类邀请函的要点是表明“相信你一定会对这个活动感兴趣”或者“我希望你能够一同参加”的心情。同时注意叙述清楚活动的内容、时间、地点

25、及对方能够给出最后答复的时间。,发出邀请C写给长辈，“我能和您约在XX见面吗”,April 20,2010Dear Professor Zhou,I am Amelia from class 052;I need you to give me some suggestion on my project.If it doesnt trouble you too much,shall we have a meet at your office tomorrow?Time is up to you.Respectful yours,Amelia点评：本类邀请函是由于对象是师长，不得不采用正式的格式和

26、对方实现约见。因此注意使用敬语和“时间地点由你定”的表达。主要思路是：叙述清楚自己要求见面的原因自己方便的时间段希望对方能抽空相见的迫切心情表达感谢之情。,发出邀请D以群体为对象，通知式的邀请函,April 20,2010Dear girls and boys in Class 0403,This Saturday evening,from 7 p.m.to 9 p.m.,at Singeing dining hall,there will be a ball held by Class 0301.We warmly invite you to take part in it.There yo

27、u can enjoy yourselves with dance,music and various games.And well have a chance of communication,which will enhance the friendship between us.Come and enjoy ourselves together.Yours,Mike Monitor of Class 0301点评：本邀请函的对象为群体，因此有点类似通知的格式。与其他邀请函不同的是，这里可以使用号召式的结尾。,求职信,Directions:The summer vacation is dr

28、awing near.You,Liming by name,want to find a part-time job.Write an application letter of about 120-150 words within 30 minutes.Dear Sir,Im Li Ming,a sophomore majoring in English at XX University.I read in yesterdays newspaper that you are looking for a part-time secretary and I think Ill prove to

29、be a real find for you.,During the past two years at university,Ive taken over 18 compulsory and optional course,and have according improved my ability of English listening,speaking,reading,writing and translation considerably.Besides,I have learned a lot about foreign relations and trade.At leisure

30、,I always try to grasp every precious opportunity to practice English with native speakers.,As a matter of fact,Ive already tried some translation and interpretation jobs.I once worked as a temporary interpreter at the East China Export Commodities Fair.In addition,during the past two years,I have b

31、een working as a part-time tour guide.My jobs offered me good opportunities to improve my English and work competence and I enjoy them very much.,Two weeks from now,I will be on holiday again.If you can grant me the honor to work for your company as a secretary for two months,Id feel obliged.Thank y

32、ou for reading my application letter.Im looking forward to your reply.,议论文,四级作文中的议论文主要有四个类型分别是：原因分析型、问题解决型、对比选择型以及观点论证型。现将这四种类型文章的段落分布情况，每段要点及常用模板介绍如下。,一.原因分析型文章基本可以分为三个部分即：描述现象引出问题-分析现象产生的原因-总结其优点及弊端第一段1.With the development of society,the problem of现象 has aroused nation wide attention among public

33、.现象表现,第二段2.To the best of my knowledge,several reasons can be identified to account for this 现象3.In the first place原因14.In the second 原因25.Last but not the least 原因3第三段6.As far as I am concerned 优点7.For all the advantages mentioned above,现象 is by no means without its limitation.8.缺点,二.问题解决型文章基本可以分为三

34、个部分即：提出解决问题的必要性-分析现象产生的原因-提出解决办法第一段1.Recently,there has been a growing concern among the public over the issue/problem/situation/phenomenon that 问题2.So far is has generated serious negative effects on society/our life,第二段3.To the best of my understanding,there are several reasons accounting for this

35、4.First of all,owing to 原因，结果5.What is more,结果 due to 原因第三段6.From what has been discussed above,it is sensible we take effective and efficient measures to solve the problem7.For one thing,办法一8.For another,办法二9.Only in this way can we 对将来预测（positive),三.对比选择型文章基本可以分为四个部分即：对一个问题存在两种对立的看法-第一种观点-另一种观点-我的

36、观点第一段1.Recently,there has been a growing concern among the public over the issue/problem whether we should 讨论的问题2.opinions vary from person to person,第二段3.Some people take it for granted that 第一类人的观点4.In their opinion,第一类人认为第三段5.On the contrary,other people stand on a different ground.第二类人的观点6.They

37、maintain that第二类人认为,第四段（此段可完全照搬）7.To the best of my knowledge,it is sensible for us to take a rational attitude towards this 问题8.For my part,I do believe the 优点/缺点outweigh its negative/positive effects.9.From all the points discussed above,it is preferable that we make the most of the advantages and

38、 meanwhile reduce the negative effects to the minimum.,四.观点论证型文章基本可以分为三个部分即：首先提出要论证的论点-对论点进行论证-表明自己的立场第一段1.It is well known that 论点2.The truth is deep and profound3.No one can deny that 重申论点,第二段4.There are many remarkable factors/reasons contributing to this argument5.To begin with 原因一6.What is more

39、 原因二7.Last but not the least 原因三第三段8.All mentioned above tell us that 重申论点9.Therefore,there is no denying that 正确的做法和态度10.In short 总结,2011年6月四级作文真题 Online Shopping1 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2 网上购物有很多好处，也有不少问题3 我的建议此次四级作文话题online shopping，作文体裁属于议论文中的对比类，分析网购的利弊。话题不算新颖，是考生比较熟悉，容易发挥的话题。属于对比类作文.,对比型议论文模板One of the

40、controversial issues today is _.According to a recent survey,_.In this essay,I will discuss the positive and negative effects of this issue and offer my own view on it.,On the positive aspect,one of the most significant advantages is that _(优点一).Moreover,_(优点二).Perhaps the primary advantage is that

41、_.(优点三)On the negative aspect,for one thing,_.(缺点一)For another,_.(缺点二),As far as Im concerned,the benefits of _(主题)greatly outweigh its drawbacks.We should make better use of _(主题)and bypass its negative effects.,首段介绍现在社会很多消费者青睐网购，第二段介绍网购的好坏，优点一是网购很方便，bring people convenience，星级词汇中的高频吐血短语。优点二是消费者有很多

42、选择，customers have a variety of choices。缺点是网购存在质量风险，质量是quality。结尾第三段只需把话题online shopping 填进去。,此次作文话题网购是老生常谈的题目，类型是对比类，用课上对比类模板吻合程度高达百分之百，只要考前熟记这个模板，作文及格无障碍。,Paragraph Development by Example,2003.12.A Letter in Reply to a Friend,1.建议报考的专业及理由2.报考该专业的基本条件3.应当如何备考,报考该专业的基本条件,In order to study at the Engl

43、ish Department,you have to meet the following requirements.In the first place,you have to spend a lot of time on it,just as the old saying goes,“Practice makes perfect”.In the second place,the basic skills of reading,writing,listening and speaking are necessary,because they are the foundations for y

44、our future study.Last but not he least important,you need an intense interest in learning English since“interest is the best teacher”.,应当如何备考,As far as the preparation work is concerned,you should first of all review all the required vocabulary.In addition,youd better spend some time on reading and

45、writing.Only through these measures can you hope to enroll in our university.,2006.6.Students Selecting Their Lectures,有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师学生选择教师时所考虑的只要因素学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,Unity,Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect,People go to college,Students study English for different reasons.The first r

46、eason is that students may need English to read articles and textbooks about their subject in English.The second reason is that many students study English because they have to!English is part of school curriculum.Another reason is that they are attracted by foreign culture.They are studying English

47、 hard to know more about the English-speaking people and countries.The last possibility is that a good knowledge of English will help students get a better job when they graduate from the university.,Useful Expressions,The reasons,in my mind,can be summed up in three respects.First of all,.In the se

48、cond place,.Last but not the least,.Three reasons,in my mind,can account for this social phenomenon.First and foremost,.In the second place,.Last but by no means the least.,comparison and contrast,comparison常指为了找出两种或多种事物或现象的相同之处而进行比较contrast 着重指“通过两种或多种事物或现象的对比，突出地指出它们的不同之处”,three patterns,through i

49、llustrations to show how things are different,to discuss similarities only,to treat both likenesses and differences,块式 object by object,条式point by point,Topic sentenceObject A-Point 1-Point 2-Point 3Object B-Point 1-Point 2-Point 3Conclusion,Topic sentenceObject A-Point 1Object B-Point 1Object A-Poi

50、nt 2Object B-Point 2Object A-Point 3Object B-Point 3Conclusion,Compared with cars,bicycles are superior in many ways.First,they are cheap,convenient and easy to ride.Second,riding bicycle is good for health.Third,they bring no noise nor air pollution.Though cars are faster and more comfortable,they