中级宏观经济学Ch3国民收入.ppt
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1、slide 0,第三章 国民收入:源于何处,去向何方,宏观经济学(第6版),slide 1,在这一章,你将会学到:,什么决定了经济的总产出(或总收入)生产要素的价格是如何决定的总收入是如何分配的什么决定了对商品与服务的需求商品市场的均衡是如何实现的,slide 2,模型概要,封闭经济,市场出清供给方市场因素(供给,需求,价格)决定产出或收入需求方决定 C,I,G。均衡商品市场可借贷的资本市场,slide 3,生产要素,K=资本,用于生产的工具,机器,厂房等等L=劳动,包括体力和脑力劳动者,slide 4,生产函数,可表示为:Y=F(K,L)表明经济由K单位资本和L单位劳动能够有多少单位的产出(
2、Y)反映了经济技术水平。表明规模报酬不变。,slide 5,规模报酬:复习,设最初生产函数为:Y1=F(K1,L1)假如所有的投入要素都扩大(减少)Z倍:K2=zK1 and L2=zL1(如果 z=1.25,那么,所有的投入都增长 25%)这时,产出会发生什么变化,Y2=F(K2,L2)?如果规模报酬不变,则Y2=zY1 如果规模报酬递增,则Y2 zY1 如果规模报酬递减,则Y2 zY1,slide 6,练习:决定下列函数的规模报酬,判断下列生产函数是规模报酬不变、递增还是递减?,slide 7,模型的假设前提,不考虑技术进步因素。资本与劳动的供给固定不变,即:,slide 8,GDP 的决
3、定,产出是指在供给要素不变、技术水平不变的条件下的产出:,slide 9,国民收入的分配,由要素价格及生产要素的单位价格决定工资是劳动的价格租金率(利率)是资本的价格,slide 10,符号说明:,W=名义工资 R=名义租金率 P=产出的价格 W/P=实际工资(用于衡量单位产出)R/P=实际租金率,slide 11,要素价格是如何决定的,要素价格是由市场的供给与需求因素决定的。回顾:每种要素的供给是固定的需求的情况怎么样?,slide 12,The distribution of national income is determined by factor prices.Factor pri
4、ces are the amounts paid to the factors of productionthewages workers earn and the rent the owners of capital collect.Because we have assumed a fixed amount of capital and labor,the factor supply curve is a vertical line.The next slide will illustrate.,Recall that the total output of an economy equa
5、ls total income.Because the factors of production and the production functiontogether determine the total output of goods and services,they alsodetermine national income.,How is National Income Distributed to the Factors of Production?,slide 13,The price paid to any factor of production depends on t
6、he supply anddemand for that factors services.Because we have assumed thatthe supply is fixed,the supply curve is vertical.The demand curveis downward sloping.The intersection of supply and demanddetermines the equilibrium factor price.,FACTOR PRICES,slide 14,To make a product,the firm needs two fac
7、tors of production,capital and labor.Lets represent the firms technology by the usual production function:Y=F(K,L)The firm sells its output at price P,hires workers at a wage W,and rents capital at a rate R.,Capital,Labor,slide 15,slide 16,The Firms Demand for Factors,We know that the firm will hire
8、 labor and rent capital in the quantities that maximize profit.But what are those maximizing quantities?To answer this,we must consider the quantity of laborand then the quantity of capital.,slide 17,The Marginal Product of Labor,The marginal product of labor(MPL)is the extra amount of output thefir
9、m gets from one extra unit of labor,holding the amount ofcapital fixed and is expressed using the production function:MPL=F(K,L+1)-F(K,L).Most production functions have the property of diminishing marginal product:holding the amount of capital fixed,the marginal product of labor decreases as the amo
10、unt of labor increases.,Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor,Y,L,The MPL is the change in output when the labor input is increased by 1 unit.As the amount of labor increases,the production function becomes flatter,indicating diminishing marginal product.,slide 18,From the MPL to Labor Demand,When t
11、he competitive,profit-maximizing firm isdeciding whether to hire an additional unit of labor,itconsiders how that decision would affect profits.Ittherefore compares the extra revenue from the increasedproduction that results from the added labor to the extracost of higher spending on wages.The incre
12、ase in revenuefrom an additional unit of labor depends on two variables:the marginal product of labor,and the price of the output.Because an extra unit of labor produces MPL units of outputand each unit of output sells for P dollars,the extra revenueis P MPL.The extra cost of hiring one more unit of
13、 laboris the wage W.Thus,the change in profit from hiringan additional unit of labor is D Profit=D Revenue-D Cost=(P MPL)-W,slide 19,Thus,the firms demand for labor is determined by P MPL=W,or another way to express this is MPL=W/P,where W/P is thereal wage the payment to labor measured in units of
14、output ratherthan in dollars.To maximize profit,the firm hires up to the pointwhere the extra revenue equals the real wage.,The MPL depends on the amount of labor.The MPL curve slopes downward becausethe MPL declines as L increases.Thisschedule is also the firms labor demandcurve.,slide 20,The firm
15、decides how much capital to rent in the same way it decideshow much labor to hire.The marginal product of capital,or MPK,is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital,holding the amount of labor constant:MPK=F(K+1,L)F(K,L).Thus,the MPK is the difference between the amount
16、 of output produced with K+1 units of capital and that produced with K units of capital.Like labor,capital is subject to diminishing marginal product.The increase in profit from renting an additional machine is the extrarevenue from selling the output of that machine minus the machinesrental price:D
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