现代英语词汇学.ppt
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1、现代英语词汇学,Unit 6词的语义分类,内容提要概述词与词之间的上下义关系词与词之间的同义关系词与词之间的反义关系词与词之间的同形异义关系,Waiting for class hour,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 一、词与词之间的上下义关系,词的语义分类Semantic classification of words 按照词与词之间的关系对此进行分类。一、词与词之间的上下义关系类概念(genus)种概念(species),Chapter 6:词的语义分类 一、词与词之间的上下义关系,语义场Semantic field探讨词所表达的类概念与词所表达的种概念之间的关系。词可以在一个共同的概
2、念下的支配下结合在一起形成语义场。,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 一、词与词之间的上下义关系,cook roast boil fry steam bake,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 一、词与词之间的上下义关系,living things plant animal bush tree shrub flower tiger wolf dog sheep Oak ash pine maple ram ewe lamb White pine yellow pine,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 一、词与词之间的上下义关系,literatureprose fiction drama po
3、etrynovel novelette short story,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,词与词之间可以因表达同一的逻辑关系而结合在一起,这些词称之为同义词(synonyms)。词义相同形位形状不同用法不同,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,绝对同义词(absolute synonym)Motherland fatherlandWord building word formationFricative(摩擦音)spirantColophony(松香)rosin,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,相对同义词(r
4、elative synonyms)Angry 发怒 rage大怒 fury暴怒 Refuse拒绝 decline谢绝 reject断然拒绝Admit承认 concede接受 confess供认Brief 简短 succinct简明 terse 简练,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,文体同义词(stylistic synonyms)书面 通用 口语Chide blame carpet 责备Apprehend arrest collar 逮捕Charger(steed)horse nag(plug)马,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,情感同义
5、词(affective synonyms)Frugal 节约(褒义)miserly吝啬(贬义)Bravery 勇敢(褒义)foolhardiness莽撞(贬义)Plump 丰满(褒义)obese肥胖(贬义)Complain 抱怨(平淡)grumble 嘟囔(生动),Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,1.同义词的来源外来词:native borrowed hearty cordial homely domestic answer reply house mansion buy purchase world universe,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之
6、间的同义关系,Anglo-Saxon French LatinKingly royal regal time age epochBelly stomach abdomenAsk question interrogate 夫人:Mistress(英)Madame(法)donna(意)Senora(西),Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,英美用词差异 British English American English life elevator petrol gasoline tube subway biscuit cracker gaol jail,Chapter 6:词
7、的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,2.语义同义场Admit:own,concede,confess,acknowledgeArtificial:Unnatural,affected,false,counterfeit,spurious,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,3.语义之间的差异1)语义上的差距The wolf rolled over and played dead to escape capture by the farmer.They lost no time in fleeing the burning hotel.,Chapter 6:词的语义分类
8、 二、词与词之间的同义关系,3.语义之间的差异1)语义上的差距A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy student had gained a mark of 100 in an important test.A woman may be astounded to learn that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her.,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,2)情感色彩和语体色彩上的差异StatesmanPolitician Sing
9、erVocalist IntellectualEgghead,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,2)情感色彩和语体色彩上的差异 有文章在报道美国前副总统戈尔时用了“politician”和“statesman”两个词:“Out of office for eight years,Gore is no longer really a frontline political force.His role in American life has morphed(变为)from politician to statesman.He is a man with a missi
10、on to serve the planet,not a candidate for office.”,Chapter 6:词的语义分类 二、词与词之间的同义关系,3)语体差异The price of meat has been declining alarmingly.(written)The price of meat has been going down steeply.(spoken)They made a decision to abandon the project.(formal)They decided to walk out on the project.(informal
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