系统生物学合成生物学与转录组学.ppt
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1、人工生命artificial life,2007年6月 美国科学家克雷格文特尔和他领导的研究小组宣布,他们首次实现了完整的基因组在物种间的移植,这一成功为首个人造生命的降生奏响了序曲。文特尔说,这次成功让他向着制造出首个人造生命又迈进一步,他将在几个月内利用人工合成的基因组展开类似的移植试验,实现科研史上零的突破。如果试验成功,文特尔就能宣布他造出全球第一个合成生命形式。2010年5月20日 J.Craig Venter Institute(JCVI),a not-for-profit genomic research organization,publishedresults today d
2、escribing the successful construction ofthe first self-replicating,synthetic bacterial cell.The team synthesized the 1.08 million base pair(1080kb)chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides genome.Thesynthetic cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0and is the proof of principle that genomes
3、 can bedesigned in the computer,chemically made in thelaboratory and transplanted into a recipient cell toproduce a new self-replicating cell controlled only bythe synthetic genome.This research will be published by Daniel Gibson et alin the May 20th edition of Science Express and willappear in an u
4、pcoming print issue of Science.,Genome transplantation inbacteria:changing onespecies to another,天然完整基因组种间转移:As a step toward propagation ofsynthetic genomes,we completelyreplaced the genome of a bacterialcell with one from another species bytransplanting a whole genome asnaked DNA.Intact genomic DN
5、Afrom Mycoplasma mycoides(蕈状支原体)large colony(LC),virtuallyfree of protein,was transplanted intoMycoplasma capricolum(山羊支原体)cells by polyethylene glycol(PEG)-mediated transformation.Cellsselected for tetracycline resistance,carried by the M.mycoides LCchromosome,contain the completedonor genome and a
6、re free ofdetectable recipient genomicsequences.These cells that resultfrom genome transplantation arephenotypically identical to the M.mycoides LC donor strain as judgedby several criteria.-Science.2007 Aug 3;317:632-8,合成基因组-Science论文,Science 2 July 2010:Vol.329.no.5987,pp.52-56,Creation of a Bacte
7、rial Cell Controlled by a Chemically,Synthesized Genome,Daniel G.Gibson,1 John I.Glass et al,We report the design,synthesis,and assembly of the 1.08megabase pair,Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitizedgenome sequence information and its transplantation into a M.capricolum reci
8、pient cell to create new M.mycoides cells that arecontrolled only by the synthetic chromosome.The only DNA in thecells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence,including watermarksequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms,andmutations acquired during the building process.The new cel
9、ls haveexpected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication.,合成生命的关键步骤,First Self-Replicating Synthetic Bacterial Cell 20-May-2010,1)合成供体的基因组DNA:首先,将蕈状支原体的全基因组测序,并按照该序列信息将其合成为1078条平均长度为1080bp的DNA片段。这些片段两两间 具有80bp的部分重叠,所有片段拼接起来构成蕈状支原体的全长基因组。值得注意的是这些合成的片段较天然基因组略有一些改动,包括去除了14个不
10、重要的 基因、为阻断基因而设计的两个插入序列、27处单核苷酸多态性(其中19处在意料之中)以及4条用来区分于天然序列模本的“水印”标记(Watermark),这些改动都不影响细胞正常的生命活动。该过程涉及到计算机对合成序列的精密计算。,2)合成DNA片段的拼接:将以上合成的1078条DNA片段分别连接到载体,使其能在酵母细胞中通过同源重组拼接起来。于是,平均1080bp的DNA片段,10个一组拼接为大约10kb的片段(109个),然后将这些连接有目的基因片段的载体从酵母中分离出来,转入大肠杆菌E.coli中进行扩增,以限制酶筛选出阳性克隆;之后再将阳性克隆质粒中的这109条10kb左右的片段按
11、同样的方法每组10个拼接成100kb的片段(11个);这11条片段最终拼接成完整的总共1077 947bp的基因组(由于携带太大片段的载体在E.coli中不能稳定传代,因此后两步拼接中采用多重PCR来筛选阳性克隆)。此过程除了2个衔接反应是在体外用酶处理构建,其余所有的片段都是在酵母细胞内依靠同源重组拼接而成。,3)人工基因组的甲基化修饰:由于供体细胞(蕈状支原体)和受体细胞(山羊支原体)共用同一套限制酶系统,而天然的供体基因组是经甲基化修饰的。因此,拼接完成的基因组DNA还需在体外用甲基化酶(从蕈状支原体或山羊支原体提取物中纯化)进行修饰,以避免受体细胞限制酶系统的阻碍。4)人工基因组移植入
12、受体细胞:将构建好的人工合成基因组移植入山羊支原体内。细胞经过不断分裂传代,具有人造基因组的细胞在含抗生素的培养基中筛选出来,同时含有天然DNA的细胞逐渐消失殆尽。最终只剩下含有山羊支原体细胞质但由合成DNA控制的人工嵌合体细胞。虽然蕈状支原体和山羊支原体在基因组上75%是同源的,但该人造细胞明显表现出蕈状支原体的生长特性。,合成生命操作图,解,取名 Synthia:人造儿创造这个可复制的试验性单细胞生物花费了4,000万美元,人工合成基因组中的水印,The secret amino acid messages contained in watermarks,that were embedde
13、d in the worlds first manmade bacterial,genome.,NCBI checked into the genetic sequence submitted by,Venters Institute and found the watermarks hidden in,plain sight.,The five coded messages that will go down in history as,embedded in the first synthetic genome,VENTERINSTITVTE,CRAIGVENTERHAMSMITH,CIN
14、DIANDCLYDEGLASSANDCLYDE,代表5个作者:Craig Venter,Hamilton Smith,John Glass,Clyde Hutchison,人工基因组组装与检测,合成基因组结构图,Transcriptomics,转录组学,Transcriptome:An evolving definition,(The population of)mRNAs expressed by a genome at any given time(Abbott,1999),转录组(Transcriptom):细胞所包含mRNA的总和。与基因组不同的是,转录组的定义中包含了时间和空间的限定
15、。转录组学(Transcriptomics):研究细胞在某一功能状态下所含mRNA的类型与拷贝数;比较不同功能状态下mRNA表达的变化,搜寻与功能状态变化紧密相关的重要基因群。,新定义,The complete collection of transcribed elements of the genome.(Affymetrix,2004)mRNArRNA,tRNAsnmRNAs(small non-messenger RNAs)microRNAs and siRNAs(small interferring RNAs)snoRNAs(small nucleolar RNAs)核仁小分子RNA
16、snRNAs(small nuclear RNAs)Other non-coding RNAsLong non-coding RNA(lncRNA),转录本,All transcripts,All mRNAs,Transcriptomics,Definition The study of characteristics and regulation of the functional RNA transcript population of a cell/s or organism at a specific time.Scopethe population of functional RNA
17、 transcripts.the mechanisms that regulate the production of RNA transcriptsdynamics of the trancriptome(time,cell type,genotype,external stimuli),一、转录组学研究全部RNA的表达及功能,转录组(transcriptome)指特定状态下一种细胞或组织所能转录出来的所有RNA的总和。包括编码RNA,即mRNA和非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)转录组学(transcriptomics):是在整体水平上研究细胞基因转录情况及转录调控规
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- 系统 生物学 合成 转录
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