英语句法.ppt2.ppt

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1、英语十大词类和句型分类,（一）词类：,1.名词 表示人或事物的名称,2.代词 指代名词，数词等,3.数词 表示数目或顺序,4.形容词 修饰名词等,表示人或事物的特征,5.副词 修饰动词、形容词或其它副词等，表示动作特征或性状特征,6.动词 表示动作或状态,实 词,7.冠词 用在名词前，帮助说明其意义,8.介词 用在名词、代词前面，构成介词短 语后担任句子成分,10.连词 用来连接单词、短语或从句等,9.叹词 表示说话时的感情或口气,虚 词,短语动词、短语介词、短语连词,1.主语 一个句子的主体，表明一个句子 说的是谁或是什么事,2.谓语 说明主语的动作或状态,3.宾语 用在及物动词后面，是动作

2、的承 受者,表示动作的行为对象,4.表语 用在系动词后面，表示主语的特 征,状态,身份,类属,所在地点等,5.宾补 用来补充说明主语或补语的情况,6.定语 用来限定或修饰名词一类的词,7.状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词 及从句,（四）十大词类等和句子成分间的关系(见附表),8.同位语 用在名词或代词，对其作补充 说明,9.独立 与全句没有什么语法关系,用来 成份 表示说话人的语气、感情等,实 词,虚 词,句子,成分,词类,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,n.pron num adj adv v.,S,Vpred,O,P,OC,Attr,Ad,同位语,独立成分,art.prep in

3、t.conj.,结构,1.简单句,2.并列句,3.复合句,4.并列复合句,1）主语+谓语,1）并列关系 2）转折关系3）选择关系 4）因果关系,简单句+并列连词+简单句,1）名词性(主、表、宾语 同位语)从句2）定语从句3）状语从句(方式、地点、时间、原因、,1)简单句+并连+复合句,2)复合句+并连+简单句,3)复合句+并连+复合句,结果、目的、条件、让步、比较状语),主句+从句,3）并列主语+谓语,2）主语+并列谓语,4）并列主语+并列谓语,六种基本句型及句子成分 SII(1-6,Revision,Translation)/SII(7-12,Revision,Translation),1.

4、S Vi 主语+不及物动词,2.S Vlink P 主语+系动词+表语,3.S Vt O 主语+及物动词+宾语,4.S Vt Oi Od 主语+及物动词+间宾+直宾,5.S Vt O Oc 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补,6.There+be/Vi+S+There+be动词/不及物动词+主语+(状语),nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitive,Noun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive,英语句子

5、基本成分示意图,be/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.,nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.,1爱丽丝很会游泳。2我的爷爷早晨起得早。,Alice swims very well.,My grandpa gets up early in the morning.,1她们都是大学生。2这些玫瑰花闻起来很香(smell）。3布朗夫人看起来很健康(look）。4这个计划听起来很实际(sound）。

6、5他的实验证明是成功的。(prove),They are all college students.,These roses smell sweet(lovely).,Mrs.Brown looks healthy.,This plan sounds practical.,His experiment proved to be successful.,1昨晚我写了一封信。2我想同你说句话。3这本书他读过多次了。4那位先生能流利地说三种语言。5他们不可能在这么短的时间内完成这项工作。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk(have a word)

7、with you.,He has read the book many times.,The gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,They cant finish the work in such a short time.,1我不信任那个人。（believe in）2他指出了我的作文中的错误。（point out）3圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师.(call on)4五分钟内我们不可能解出这道题来(work out)5这护士会好好照顾你父亲.(take good care of),I do not believe in that man.,

8、He pointed out the mistakes in my composition.,On Christmas Day we will call on our foreign teachers.,We cant work out the problem in five minutes.,The nurse will take good care of your father.,1我父亲给我买了一台电脑。2她昨天给我讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给售票员看。5那位教授给我们提出了一些有关英语学习的意见。,My father bought me a compute

9、r.,She told me an interesting story yesterday.,Would you pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the collector.,The professor gave us some advice on English learning.,1我们叫她爱丽丝。2我们大家都认为他是诚实的（suppose）,We call her Alice.,All of us supposed him honest.,They pushed the door open.,3他们使劲把门推开了。（push

10、open）,7我们要使学校变得更美丽。（make）,We will make our school more beautiful.,9老师曾经认为我是一个顽皮的孩子(naughty),The teacher thought me a naughty boy.,10这个坏消息使得全家都焦急起来。,The bad news made the whole family worried.,He asked us to join in the game.,2我要你把真相告诉我。（want）,1他请我们参加做游戏。(ask),I want you to tell me the truth.,3明天我要找人

11、来修理机器。(have),Tomorrow Ill have Tom repair the machine.,4昨晚我看到他们走进银行。(enter),Last night I saw them enter the bank.,5父母亲指望我成为一个有用的人(expect),My parents expect me to be a useful man.,6老板要他每天工作十二个 小时。(make),The boss made him work twelve hours a day.,1 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。(have）,We wont have her going out at nig

12、ht.,2我要请人把我的电脑修理一下。(get),I will get(have)my computer mended.,3那可怕的声音把我吓坏了。(make),The terrible sound made me frightened.,4她正在听人家讲故事。(listen to）,She is listening to someone telling stories.,5我们发觉有一些人站在大门口.(notice）,We noticed some people standing at the gate.,6我从来没有看见这个字这样用过。(see),I have never seen the

13、 word used that way.,1 他感到很难同你交谈。(feel）,He felt it very difficult to talk with you.,2 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题(consider),I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.,3 学校订了一条规则，上课时学生要起立,The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.,4 我们认为只说不做是无益的。(find）,We fi

14、nd it no good our talking without doing.,5 她的父母认为她不可能说谎。,Her parents thought it impossible for her to tell lies.,1 教室里现在不会有人。,There cant be anybody now.,2一定有什么东西弄错了。,There must be something wrong.,3今天夜里将有一场大雨。,There is going to be a heavy rain tonight.,4在汽车的前面有个女孩。,In front of the car,there stands a

15、 girl.,5城里过去只有很少几幢大楼。,There were only a few tall buildings in the city.,8下星期将举行运动会。,There will be a sports meet next week.,（二）句型分类,用途,1.陈述句2.疑问句3.祈使句4.感叹句,（+、-）,一般问句特殊问句选择问句反意问句,What+名词,How+,形容词/副词主语+谓语,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples:The boy

16、 hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!,1连词的语法特点及其分类,十并列成分，并列句，复合句的组合,1)He had small eyes,a big mouth and a foolish face.2)She wrote many fine poems,and

17、she was not only a teacher but also a poet.3)I know that Mary is a hardworking but not very intelligent girl.,2并列成分,1）按构成分类(1)简单连词(2)短语连词2）按词义及作用分类（1）等立连词（2）从属连词（3）其它起连词作用的词,2）简单句的5种形式(1)I felt lonely.This afternoon we will go out to see some bridges(in London.)(2)Then I sat down and waited for him.

18、He is tall and always very kind.(3)He and I were sitting on a bench.There are so many bridges and buildings in London.(4)He and I began to smile and feel happy.(5)Hello!Happy birthday(and help yourself)!Right!,4.并列句的语法意义及其结构:并列句的4种结构（1）同等（或并列）关系 a.The camera takes good photos,and the price is reason

19、able.b.He doesnt care for money,nor does he care for fame.c.Neither could I do without you,nor could you do without me.d.Not only does he speak English,but(also)he writes stories in it.e.I had a drink,(and)then I went home.,（2）转折关系a.He doesnt earn much,but he spends freely.b.Some people waste food,w

20、hile others have none.c.One cannot see air,however,it does exist.d.It is strange,yet it is true.e.He was hungry;still he wouldnt eat.（3）选择关系a.Take a map with you,otherwise/or/(or)else you will be lost.b.Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you.,（4）因果关系 a.Nobody answer the door,(and)

21、therefore/so I left.b.He didnt come to our party,for he was busy that day.c.Go into the cave,then they wont see you.,Hell report it to the teacher.,1.SV+间接宾语+直接宾语 但下列动词的直接宾语和间接宾语位置固定不能互换。,我祝你成功。,I wish you success.,这工作花了我两天时间。,The job took me two days.,我给他省去许多麻烦。,I save him much trouble.,2.SV+直接宾语+介

22、词+间接宾语,他给我们解释课文。,He explain the text to us.,我把他介绍给我的朋友们。,I introduced him to my friends.,他将把这件事报告给老师。,1.你们姑娘们可以坐在那边的座位上。,You girls may take those seats over there.,2.他看了各种各样的书，古今中外都有。,He read all kinds of books,ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign.,3.他们每个人都喜欢这里的气候。(each),They each like the climate

23、 here.,4.长城 世界奇迹之一 吸引了大批外国朋友。,The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.,5.他发明了一种新型汽车的消息使我们很高兴。,The news that he had invited a new type of car delighted us.,1.感叹词 Ohwhat a magnificent building this is!,2.呼语 Mary,what do you have on your mind?,3.插入语,Wel

24、l have to book our tickets in advance,Im afraid.,2)The trees in that area,it is said,are mostly over thirty feet tall.,a.I think/hope/guess/believe/suppose/wonder b.you see/know c.dont you think/know d.I tell you,it seems(to me),it is suggested,3)To tell you the truth,I am agains t the plan.,4)Judgi

25、ng from her accent/Honestly/If I may say so/In my opinion/Strange,she was not qualified for the job.,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句=简单句+从句（从属连词+简单句）,He told me,the news.,that the matc

26、h had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fatherwas working in that school.,宾语从句,I dont know,it.,He ha

27、s finished his work,that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.,复合句=简单句+从

28、句（从属连词+简单句）,the people,surprised,The thing,What he saidwhat he did,主语从句,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语从句,who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,复合句=简单句+从句（从属连词+简单句）,That,is,the fact.,表 语从句,what he needs.what he gave me.why he

29、was late.because he was ill.what has happened.,复合句=简单句+从句（从属连词+简单句）,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句=简单句+从句（从属连词+简单句）,Put the book

30、,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,复合句=简单句+从句（从属连词+简单句）,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in my class.

31、,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,He has found out.She was late.(why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day.I first went to the city on that day.(when),I still remember the day when I first went to the city.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday.He was ill.(原

32、因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him.I see him.（时间）It is such a big box.Nobody can move it.（结果）Well go to the great wall.Its fine tomorrow.(条件)We should not go there all the time.The place is quite pleasant.(让步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well

33、go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.,英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分,简单句 并

34、列句 复合句,主语 不及物动词（S+Vi）主语 及物动词 宾语(S+Vt+O)主语 系动词 表(S+LV+predicative)主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,主语 不及物动词She came/My head aches.主语 及物动词 宾语She likes English.

35、主语 系动词 主语补语She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There+beThere lies a book on the desk.,简单句基本句型实例,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语Poor John totte

36、red toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.,John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he ge

37、ts drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.,状 语,Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here

38、，John（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if(he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.John should clean the room today and Peter(should clean it

39、)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语 状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi

40、driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window

41、.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neither

42、nor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris.His secretary is flying to Paris.The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome.His secretary is not flying to Rome.The boss but not his secreta

43、ry is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin.His secretary may be flying to Berlin.Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York.His secretary isnt flying to York.Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词

44、连接组成一个简单句。I met Jane.I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold.It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane.I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband.I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night.W

45、e danced all night.We sang and danced all night.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用

46、并列连词coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,neither nor,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 动词 表语Jimmy fell off his bike but(he)wasnt hurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主 谓 状（方式）连 主 谓 表Frank wor

47、ked hard and(he)became an architect.主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点I ve got a cold,so I m going to bed.主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾They made him chairman,but(they)didnt increase his salary.,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired,so he went to bed.,1.He was tired.He went to bed.,2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He

48、 was afraid of the dog.,3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.,He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句

49、子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay

50、for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fathered was working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he