专升本名词和代词.ppt
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1、名词和代词,名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),名词考点分析,1 复数形式 2 名词所有格3 主谓一致,名词复数,情况,加法,例词,一般情况,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音y结尾的词,以o 结尾的词,以f或fe结尾的词,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多数加-s,把f/fe改成ves,brothers;schools,buses;watches;dishes,ladies;countries;,pianos
2、;zoos;photos,thieves;leaves;,boy?way?toy?,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y的名词,直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;,但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为 k时,只加 s。stomach stomachs 读/s/,-How many does a cow have?-Four.AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies,*3:以o结尾的名词复数加-es口诀:“黑人”“英雄”爱吃“土豆”“西红柿”Negro,hero,tomato,patato,以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-
3、s:cargo-cargos/cargoes mosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes mski:tu volcano-volacnos/volcanoes,The _ of the building are covered with lots of _.Aroofs;leaves Brooves;leafs Croof;leafDroofs;leafs,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词:proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs海湾屋顶悬崖上,首领农奴两相忘;谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。两种方法均可,如handkerch
4、ief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves hktif,不规则复数:,1.manmenEg:woman women;chairman-chairmen2.ooee Eg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+en Eg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouse ice Eg:mouse-mice;louse-lice(虱子),单复数相同的情况:sheep;deer;means;fish;speciesspi:i:z n.生物 物种;Chinese;Japanese;Swiss(瑞士人);head(量词)以及由汉语音译表示度
5、量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing.Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies,以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.news 是不可数名词。c.the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,
6、杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.,外来名词的复数形式:criterioncriteria 标准phenomenonphenomena 现象crisiscrises 危机mediummedia/mediums 媒体,同一名词表不同意义时的复数形式:1.works表示“工厂”时,单复数同形,但表“著作”时单数为work,复数为works。2.fish表示鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes,表示条数时复数形式为fish。3.people指“人们”时是集体名词,没有单数的概念,peoples的意思为“民族”。,
7、既有复数形式又有单数形式的集体名词class audience 观众army crew 机组人员group enemy team government 只有复数意义的表示“全体”的集体名词此类集体名词不能用具体的数字修饰,只能在其前面加“the”表示“全体.”the police 警察 the English 英国人the cattle 牛群,以上名词在变形后可以用具体的数字修饰a policeman 一名警察 three policemen“某国人”的表达法a Chinesetwo Chinese a Japanesetwo Japanesean Australiantwo Australi
8、ansa Germantwo Germansa Frenchmantwo Frenchmen,有一类名词,总是以复数形式出现,但不能用具体的数字修饰,也不能用a/an,a pair of 等修饰,只能用many,a great many,a lot of等修饰。arms 武器 damages 赔偿金goods 商品 greens 绿叶蔬菜spirits 情绪,心情 stairs 楼梯thanks 谢谢 wages 工资,Mr Smith has two _,both of whom are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-law
9、s Cbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数,如:fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如:grown-ups。,The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.A.bicycles shop B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shop,There are only twelve _ in the hospital.Awoman doctors Bwomen doctorsCwom
10、en doctor Dwoman doctor,man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official gentlemen officials,It took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时,这
11、个名词一般保留单数形式。如:a ten-mile walk;a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符,就需用复数的所有格。three-hour journey=three hours journey,国籍的单复数Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.AGermanBGermen CGermansDGermens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况:1、单复数同形:Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形:English-Englishman3、加 s 或-es:German Germans详见下表。,国籍的单复数变化主要有以下三种
12、情况 一、单复数同形如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。当它们与定冠词(the)连用时,表示复数或总称。1)The Chinese are different from Japanese.2)The Chinese are hard-working.也可与不定冠词连用,表示单数。如:3)I am a Chinese.4)He is a Japanese.二、单复数形式不同。如:English,French,Swedish,Spanish等。当它们与定冠词连用时,也表示总称。如:5)The English like to play football.6)The French be
13、long to the white race.,当这些词与不定冠词连用表示单数时,则需用其单数形式。如:an Englishman,a Frenchman,a Swede等。其中有些词有复数形式,如:Englishmen,Frenchmen等。有些词还有阴性变化。如:an English woman,a French woman.三、与普通名词变化相同。如:American,German,Italian等。这类词表示单数时在其前面加不定冠词,表示复数时在词尾加“s”。如:7)He is an American.8)They are Germans.需要注意的是,如果这些词前面没有加任何冠词,也
14、没有单复数变化时,其词性为形容词,与作名词时含义稍有不同。试比较:9)He is English.(指他的国籍是英国。)10)He is an Englishman.(指他是英国公民。)11)They are American.(国籍是美国。)12)They are Americans.(指他们是美国公民。),不可数名词的特点,(1)Tables are made of _.A.wood B.woodsC.woodenD.some woods(2)Father went to his doctor for _about his heart trouble.A.an adviceB.advice
15、C.advicesD.the advices,表“材料”没有复数形式;不能直接在前面加不定冠词;表示其数量不能直接在前面加数词,而要用a piece of之类的结构。,A,B,“雷打不动”的“十大金刚”:news,information,work(工作),advice,progress,weather,fun,luck,music,health,下面是典型的不可数名词,是应该熟记的!water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness
16、,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage(baggage),clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,jewelry,air,smoke,steam,单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式,如:air
17、(空气)-airs(气派)arm(手臂)-arms(武器)ash(灰)-ashes(骨灰;废墟)cloth(织物)-clothes authority(权利)-authorities(当局)content(满足)-contents(目录)custom(习惯)-customs(海关;关税)damage(损害)-damages(赔偿金)force(力量)-forces(武装部队)glass(玻璃)-glasses(眼镜)good(利益)-goods(货物)green(绿色)-greens(青菜)letter(字母)-letters(文学),只能修饰可数名词复数的词:(two,six.),hundr
18、ed,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a(good/large/great)number ofnumbers of,the number of,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collection of,many a 很多 只修饰不可数名词的词:much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词:all(o
19、f),a lot of,some(of),lots of,any(of),plenty of,most(of),half(of),a wealth of,(a)part of,enough(of),the rest of,other,one third of,such,no,a variety of,知识拓展名词主要用单数形式做定语,表示材料、类别、用途等:a silk handkerchief 一块丝绸手帕a car park 一个停车场a shoe factory 一家鞋厂,名词所有格,名词的所有格:表示所属关系,即表示某物是“谁的”。名词所有格常见的结构有两种:一、s 所有格 1)表示有
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