大学英语三级考试语法总结.ppt

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1、大学英语三级考试语法总结,语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题出现频率最高的：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调，虚拟语气等基本语法知识。,语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目有时还会反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。,1.虚拟语气,4.时态,14.词形转换,2.定语从句,3.状语从句,11.倒装句,12.强调句,8.比较级和最高级,6.分词作状语,7.分词作定语,10.同位语,9.先行词 it,15.词组,5.被动语态,13.动词+-ing/-to do,虚拟语气,概念：虚拟语

2、气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,考点：,1.由if引导的虚拟条件句,注意点：条件从句中省略if 采用倒装语序的情况 在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had，should，were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。,练习题：,1.If he had taken the lawyers advice,he(save)_ himself a great deal of trouble.2.He might have been killed in that car

3、accident yesterday if he(take)_ part in that activity with the team.,3._ last Friday,he would have got to Paris.A.Would he leave B.Had he left C.If he is to leave D.If he was leaving 4.If I(be)_ you,I would not miss the job interview tomorrow morning.,考点：2.在表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中,分句谓语动词用“should+动词

4、原形”或直接用动词原型。（1）用在demand,insist（坚持）,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest等动词之后的that-分句中。,（2）用在advisable（可取的、明智的）,desirable（称心合意的）,essential（必要的、必不可少的）,important,impossible,necessary,proper等形容词后的that-分句中。（3）用在decision,demand,order,requirement（需要）等名词后的that-分句中。,练习题：,1.The representative of th

5、e company demanded that part of the agreement _ revised.A.will be B.is C.to be D.be2.It is suggested that the president of the Union(make)_ a speech on behalf of all the workers.3.It is important that he(be)_ called back immediately.,考点：3.“情态动词+完成时态”的不同用法（1）*should have done 表示“应当做某事（但是没有做）”shouldnt

6、 have done sth 表示“本不应该做某事（而做了）”（2）must have done 对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，表示“一定做了某事”。否定形式是“couldnt have done”（3)neednt have done sth 表示“本没必要做某事（却做了）”（4)would like to have done sth 表示“本打算做某事（却没做）”,1.This ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should _ last week.A.fix B.be fixed C.have fixed D.have bee

7、n fixed2.Jack must _(go)away-we can not find him anywhere in the factory.,练习题：,3Tom _ the party as no one saw him there yesterday morning.A.can not attendB.mustnt attend C.wont have attendedD.couldnt have attended,表示“严禁”,考点：4、其他特殊句式（1）在It is(about/high)time+that定语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或sho

8、uld+动词原形。练习题：I think it is high time we _(take)strict measures to stop pollution.,（2）wish,would rather(sooner)后的宾语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。,一、形容词性从句概要定义：形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。结构：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面，由关系词引导。先行词+关系词+定语从句,形容词性从句定语从句,1.Here is a boy,and he damaged the vase.Here is the

9、 boy(who damaged the vase).,先行词,关系代词（作主语）,2.My cousin is an engineer,and he went to Europe last week.,My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.,先行词,关系代词（作主语）,二、定语从句的分类,定语从句中关系代词的选择,成分,关系代词,定语从句中关系副词的选择,1.when 表示时间2.where表示地点3.why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分。,1.The advertising company recently hi

10、red a designer _ had once won a prize in a national contest.A.whose B.which C.whom D.who 2.It is important to provide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company.A.from which B.on which C.in which D.for which,练习题：,3.Once more I have to leave Beijing,_ I ha

11、ve been living for eight years.A.that B.where C.which D.as 4.There is no evidence _ oil price will come down in the near future.（同位语）A.which B.that C.where D.as,5.It was not such a good job _ she had read about in the advertisement.A.like B.which C.as D.what,词例,含义,1.The new staff didnt know how to u

12、se the system _ I explained it to him yesterday.A.until B.because C.if D.since2.They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of different opinions.A.unless B.while C.before D.once 3.I will ask Mr.Smith to ring you up _ he comes back to the office.A.when B.where C.because D.although,

13、4.They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.A.will comeB.is comingC.cameD.comes,目的是,5.He was attending a meeting,_ he would have come to your party yesterday.A.unless B.when C.but D.or 6.She did not go to the party last night,_ she had to finish her term paper

14、.A.if B.though C.till D.because7.Young _ he is,he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.whichas构成的让步状语从句：名词词组/形容词+as+主语+谓语,Child as he is,he knows much about software programming.,现在完成时,has/have done,过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系-表示过去的过去。,e.g.She told me her name after I had asked(a

15、sk)her twice.,现在完成（进行）时经常与since-词组或since-分句连用，表示“自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行某项活动。主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），since-从句（一般过去时）e.g.I have lived in the dormitory,since I arrived here.,现在完成时,一般过去时,自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。,Since-结构,by the end of by the time By the end of By the time,1.By the end of next month,we(find)_ a good solution

16、to the technical problem.2.By the time you come to see me next month,I _ my term paper.A.have completed B.complete C.am completing D.will have completed,It is/will be+the first time that 分句（现在完成时）e.g.Is this the first time youve come to China?It was the first time that 分句（过去完成体）e.g.It was the second

17、 time I had been(be)abroad.,“It is the first time+that 分句”中的使用,这是你第一次来中国吗？,这是我第二次出国,不定式作状语*（）表示目的 e.g.We will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.（）表示结果 e.g.He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead.（）表示原因 e.g.He was lucky to have found the lost child.,分词作状语,-ing分

18、词作状语（）作时间状语 e.g.（When we were)Climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.（）*作原因状语 e.g.Having worked hard all day,I was ready for bed.（）*作伴随状语 e.g.He ran up to her,breathing heavily.,表示主动,-ed分词作状语(1)*作时间状语 e.g.(When it is)Heated,the metal expands.(2)*作原因状语 e.g.(Because he was)Deeply m

19、oved,he thanked her again and again.,表示被动,1.The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers.A.attract B.attractedC.to attract D.attracts2._ by the failure of the project,the manager could hardly say a word.A.To be shocked B.ShockedC.Be shocked D.Shockin

20、g,练习题：,3._that I was not going to get much chance for promotion,I soon became bored with my work.A.To realize B.RealizingC.Being realized D.Realized4._ up at the clock on the wall,the secretary found it was already midnight.A.Looking B.LookC.To look D.Looked,5._ to find the proper job,he decided to

21、give up job-hunting in this city.A.Failed B.Being failedC.To fail D.Having failed6.The research group has submitted a report,(suggest)_ reforms to be made.7.When(ask)_ about the advertising campaign of the new product,the manager said it was a great success.,分词作定语,-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：1.现在

22、分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系)和进行”。e.g.There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars.,2.过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰的是承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。e.g.Computers imported from abroad are usually more expensive.e.g.A lost opportunity never returns.注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般

23、置于所修饰的中心词后面.,不定式作定语,1.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.Writing B.written C.to write D.to be written 2.The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.A.holding B.being heldC.to hold D.to be held,练习题：,3.With the help o

24、f the police,the woman finally found her(lose)_ child after a sleepless night.4.It was in his childhood that he read most of the books(write)_ by Mark Twain.5.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new classroom building.,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化,1.Successful companies concen

25、trate(much)_ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones.2.The guest paid(little)_ money than he should for the room.3.The price of petrol is much(high)_ now than it was this time last year.,填空题：,先行词 it it充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词或名词性分句。,形式主语,1._ is rep

26、orted in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not made any progress.A.That B.What C.It D.As,练习题：,3.They regard _ as their duty to provide the best service for their customers.A.this B.what C.it D.that,形式宾语,2.It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony.A.to

27、 invite B.inviting C.having invited D.to be invited,4.I do not think it necessary(discuss)_ the matter with him before the problem is settled.,同位语从句 同位语从句通常用that引导，且that在从句中不充当任何成分，是对名词的内容进行解释说明.可用同位语从句修饰的名词有：news,fact,idea,promise,question,doubt,hope,evidence,suggestion,thought,message等。,1.The mess

28、age _ Mr.Black was elected chairman of the committee arrived just in time.A.which B.what C.that D.how2.News came from the sales manager _ the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months.A.whose B.what C.which D.that,练习题：,倒装（Inversion）,I.部分倒装(Partial Inversion)(1)当句首为否定词或带有

29、否定意义的词语时，一般引起部分倒装e.g.few,little,never,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,no soonerthan,Hardlywhen,not onlybut also,*not until,by no means 等.,应用：,1.Little they realized that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.2.Rarely we have seen a person with such bad temper.,Little did they realize that they

30、had made a great discovery in chemistry.,Rarely have we seen a person with such bad temper.,改错题：,(2)句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”。“only+状语分句”构成，也引起部分倒装。只有当你亲自去做的时候，才能明白这项工作是多么艰苦。,Only when you do it yourself can you understand how hard the work is.,翻译题：,（3).“So+副词 that（部分倒装）”“So+形容词 that（全部倒装）”选择题：So_

31、 after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.A.excited the mother was B.was the mother excitedC.the mother was excitedD.excited was the mother,The workmen finished their work so quickly that they were given a bonus.,So quickly,句型转换：,句型结构：It is(was)+强调成分(除谓语成分）+that(w

32、ho)+句子（原句中的剩余部分）.当被强调的部分指“人”时，that可换作who。句子的开头用it is还是it was，通常取决于其后从句的谓语动词是现在时还是过去时。,强调句:,她建议我们去图书馆。是她建议我去图书馆。,She suggested we go to the library.,It was she that/who suggested we go to the library.,1.强调主语,我们的英语老师送给我一本字典。我们的英语老师送给我的是这本字典。,Our English gave me a dictionary.,It was this dictionary tha

33、t our English gave me.,2.强调宾语,我上周接到通知。我是在上周接到通知的。,I got the notice last week.,It was last week that I got the notice.,3.强调状语,It was not until the accident happened _.A.when I realized my carelessness B.that I realized my carelessness C.as I realized my carelessness D.when my carelessness has been re

34、alized,选择题：,You worked very hard yesterday.,You did work very hard yesterday.,动词+-ing/-to do,1.*只能带-ing分词的动词 这类动词常见的有：avoid,admit,cant help,consider,dislike,dont mind,imagine,include,(enjoy,finish,give up).2.只能带不定式的动词 这类动词常见的有：agree,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,prepare,promise,refuse.,3.既能直

35、接带-ing又能带-to do的动词（1）意义无甚区别 这类动词常见的有：attempt,begin,continue,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,require,start.,(2)意义有区别 表一：,表二：,表三：,1.Mr.Smith considered(sell)_ his car and his house before moving to Beijing.2.I wondered why the boy often avoided _(talk)with his classmates.3.I dont mind(have)_ a dog i

36、n the house so long its clean and it doesnt smell.,练习题：,4.They stopped(search)_ for the missing plane as the weather was very rough.5.I do not regret _ her what I thought about her proposal,even if it upset her.A.tellB.to tellC.toldD.telling,(1)动词-名词-ment invest-investment-ence differ-difference-tio

37、n solve-solution-sion decide-decision-ion create-creation(2)形容词-名词ness happy-happiness large-largeness,词型转换,(3)名词-形容词-ful success-successful;-al nation-national(4)形容词-副词-ly effective-effectively calm-calmly(5)名词-动词 belief-believe,Exercise:*“冠词+(形容词)+名词”、“形容词+名词（不可数/可数名词复数）”I.动词-名词 1.I am sure the se

38、cretary who has just been hired will prove to be an efficient(employ)2.I cannot go shopping with you because I have an(appoint)with my dentist this afternoon.II.形容词-名词3.They fully recognized the enormous(strong)and influence of the union.,III.名词-名词4.My sister has recently got a job as a(reception)in

39、 a hotel.IV.名词-形容词5.Following the(success)settlement of the strike,the train service is now back to normal.6.The organization started a(nation)campaign against cigarette smoking in public places.,*系动词后需要形容词7.It is(reason)for parents to pay for their childrens education.V.形容词-动词8.We should read more

40、and see more in order to(wide)our horizons.,*副词是用来修饰形容词、动词或整个句子的。9.They decided not to visit the Great Wall because it was raining(heavy).10.Application for this training course should be sent(direct)to the admission office.11.The little girl gave an(extreme)wonderful performance last night.,1.be wo

41、rth doing 值得做2.look forward to doing sth 期盼做3.be surprised at 惊讶于4.to ones surprise 让某人惊奇的是5.be happy with sth 对感到满意6.insist on doing sth 坚持做,7.Beyond ones ability 超出某人的能力范围8.Spend(时间）in doing sth 花费时间做9.Keep ones eyes fixed on sth 一直盯着看10.succeed in doing sth 成功做成11.cannot/couldnt do anything but d

42、o“不能做只能做”12.would rather do sth.than do sth.“情愿做而不愿做另外一件事情”,The question is _ me and I have no idea of it.A)beyondB)overC)besideD)above,【答案】A【译文】我不懂这个问题，一点儿也不知道。【考点】固定搭配【解析】“beyond sb”意为“为某人所不能理解，超出某人的能力范围”，其他词均无此搭配，故选A。,The output of our company this month is _ that of last month.A)twice as much as

43、B)twice as muchC)twice many asD)twice as many as,【答案】A【译文】我们工厂这月的产量是上月的两倍。【考点】倍数的表达法【解析】倍数+as much/many as，用much还是many由主语的形式决定。,Hardly had I got home _ the telephone rang.A)thenB)whenC)asD)than,【答案】B【译文】我一到家电话铃就响了。【考点】固定搭配【解析】hardly.when是固定关联词组，意为“一就”，类似的词组还有“scarcelywhen”，“no soonerthan”等。,By the t

44、ime you get back,I _ all the work.A)would finishB)will have finishedC)has finishedD)had finished,【答案】B【译文】到你回来的时候，我将已完成所有的工作。【考点】动词的时态【解析】by引导的时间短语通常和完成时态连用。“by the time you get back”表示将来的时间，因此主句应用将来完成时态，故选B。,It s required that the students _ the term paper tomorrow.A)finishedB)finishC)will finishD)

45、may finish,【答案】B【译文】要求学生们明天完成学期论文。【考点】虚拟语气【解析】本题考查的是虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。其结构为it+形容词或过去分词+主语从句，用虚拟语气，即“should+动词原形”(should可以省略)。类似的词有“essential，urgent，natural，important，desirable，necessary，ordered”等。,_ the final examination is over,we can go outside for a picnic.A)Even thoughB)Now thatC)ForD)With,【答案】B【译文】既

46、然期末考试已经结束，那么我们可以外出野餐了。【考点】状语从句【解析】even though引导让步状语从句，表“似乎，好像”；now that引导原因状语从句，表“既然”。,Tom was the only one of the students who _ named Outstanding Student.A)isB)areC)wasD)were,【答案】C【译文】汤姆是这些学生中唯一一名被授予优秀学生称号的人。【考点】主谓一致【解析】the only one of+名词，后面的定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式，但one of+名词后面的定语从句中的谓语动词用复数，又因题中主句时态为一般过去

47、时，故此题选C。,There is something wrong with my car.It will take me one hour to have it _.A)fixB)fixingC)to fixD)fixed,【答集】D【译文】我的车出问题了，得花费我一小时时间找人修理。【考点】非谓语动词【解析】本题考查的是使役动词have后接过去分词作宾语补足语表被动的用法。此类动词还有：keepfind，leave，make，get等。,Seldom _ his wife punishes her children for speaking out their own ideas free

48、ly.A)I sawB)I have seenC)have I seenD)do I see,【答案】C【译文】我很少看到他妻子因为孩子自由地说出自己的想法而惩罚孩子。【考点】倒装结构及时态【解析】具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时，谓语用部分倒装结构。其他具有否定意义的词还有：never，little，scarcely，hardly，not only等。另外，根据句意应用现在完成时态。,It s high time the government _ some measures to raise people s awareness of environmental protectio

49、n.A)will takeB)takeC)tookD)takes,【答案】C【译文】现在是时候政府采取措施提高人们的环保意识了。【考点】虚拟语气【解析】当Its(high/about)time后接从句时，从句谓语动词用过去时，意为“早该干某事而现在做已经有些晚了”。,Well never forget _ in New York last year.A)us to meet a few friendsB)our meeting a few friendsC)a few friends to meetD)a few friends meeting,【答案】B【译文】我们永远不会忘记去年那次在纽约

50、与几个朋友的会面。【考点】固定用法【解析】forget后面既可以接不定式，即forget to do sth，意为“忘记要做某事”；又可以接动名词，即forget doing sth，意为“忘记做过某事”。根据句意，故选B。,Is there any hope of _ the gold medal?A)John to winB)John winC)winning JohnD)John s winning,【答案】D【译文】约翰有希望赢得金牌吗?【考点】非谓语动词【解析】如果动名词动作的发出者不是句子的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语，其形式为：物主代词+动名词；名词或人称代词宾格+动名词；名词