英语六级语法.pptx
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1、New Perspective Grammar,对语法的错误认识,误认为语法先于语言把语法规则当作一成不变的公式把语法当成随意的公式-记住了语法规则却没有英语思维,能够准确地,有意义地,恰当地运用英语语言结构,英语思维与汉语思维,翻译:我已经结婚了,去年结婚的,到现在结婚一年多了。I am married.I got married last year.Ive been married for over a year.英文中有“动作action”与“状态state”的区分。以及时态方面的问题。,英语的静态特征,“静态与动态”,英语倾向于多用名词,因此呈静态,汉语倾向于多用动词,因而呈动态。英语
2、的静态特征具体说来有四点。第一,名词化是英语常见的现象。“他很不开心,引起大家也不开心”He was unhappy,so others felt unhappy too.His unhappiness made/infected others unhappy.He arrived so early,and I was quite surprised.His early arrival surprised me.同时汉语常用人作主语而英语多用物作主语。比如一篇六级模拟题范文中有这样一句话:Videogamescoulddousharmwithoutourknowingit,Ifproperat
3、tentionisnotpaidtotheirsideeffects.“他最终失败了”At last he failed.At last all his efforts were in vain.He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard.His hard work/efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.,第二,用名词表示作动作的发出者(施事者),以代替动词。“他七十多了,但能吃能睡。”He still could eat and sleep
4、.He was still a good eater and a good sleeper.“这位老师上课上得不好,我们都盼着早点下课。”This teacher is not a good one,so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible.In this teachers class,we are all clock-watchers.所以下次你要夸别人篮球打得好,记着可以怎么写:He is a good/professional basketball player.,第三,名词的优势造成介词的优势。“有人给他撑腰。
5、”Someone supports him.He has someone behind him.“说完这些话,她就走开了。”After she finished her words,she went away.With these words she went away.“这本书太难了,我看不懂”“This book is too difficult for me to understand it“The book is totally beyond/above me.”,第四,动词的弱化与虚化。我们可用一些虚化动词(have,make,take,do)加上它的名词意义。比如 look hav
6、e a look,take a look walkhave a walk,take a walk visit pay a visit to attempt make attempts damage do some damages to 比如:“Tom与老板吵架之后,就辞职了。”After Tom had a quarrel with his boss,Jack quit.After Tom quarreled with his boss,Jack quit.喜用名词,是现代英文固有现象。但千万切记,名词的使用要适当,并非所有地方名词优于动词,万不可滥用。况且,近年来英美不少学者认为名词的滥用造
7、成英语缺乏生气。如果考生能够把握分寸,适当使用名词确也不失为写作之上策。,思维方式制约着表达习惯。思维是写作活动的基础;写作不仅是语言活动,而且是思维活动(Kelly,1963)。汉式思维模式是形象的、直观的,在语言上,汉语用词倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容,而英式思维则是概括的、抽象的(连淑能,1993)。汉语较少使用表示抽象概念的名词,而较多地使用具有实指意义的具体名词,如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”与“渴”;英语常常使用抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念。,具体词汇与概括词汇的问题,英语倾向于使用表达同类事物的整体词语来表达具体事物或现象,用词具体细腻;汉语多用表
8、示整体概念的词,用词概括模糊。学生受汉语的影响,通常用表示概括的词加上各种副词的方式,构成“动词+副词(ly)”结构,比如,“走得很快”“walk quickly”;“跑得很快”“run quickly”。英语中表示各种走姿的词汇很丰富,例如,stroll,trudge,plod,march,stalk,toddle,stagger等。例如:That was a very wonderful movie.instructive或者moving等较为具体的词汇更符合英语表达习惯。,词语搭配问题,“我们在学校里学习各种知识”learn knowledgeacquire,gain,obtain,ga
9、ther等词汇与knowledge搭配;learn只能与something或某一学科搭配使用。吃苹果,吃食堂,吃现成饭(to eat an apple),(to have ones meal in the dining hall),(to lead an idle life)例如:“Mary won Jane in the speech contest.”“win和“beat都可表示“赢”,但“赢了一场比赛”应用“win,而“赢了某人”则应用“beat。,句法方面,英语动词的时体范畴极为丰富。英语句子的人称、数量、时态、语态、情态均受制于时空,在句子结构上有比较严格的规则、次序,而且要求形式一
10、致;而汉语语言形式是根据表达的需要来建构句式,要求并不严格(熊沐清,2001)。,Ted:Where did you learn to Rollerblade(轮滑)?Anna:Here in the park.This is only my second time.Ted:Well,its my first time.Can you give me some lesson?Anna:Sure.Just follow me.(after a while)Ted:Hey,that was fun.Thanks for the lesson!,连接词的问题,英语重形合,即注重运用各种有形的连接手段
11、达到语言形式的完整,句法功能呈外现形;而汉语重意合,即语言表现形式由意念引导,句法功能呈隐含形式。在英语和大多数印欧语言中,句子的从属关系大多是用连接词if,because,although,while等明确表达出来。例如,People learn English to use it.Some learn it to study or work abroad.Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.则改进为:Pe
12、ople learn English for practical purposes:some learn it to study or work abroad,while others learn it to read or communicate in English.文章读起来就通顺很多。,Li&Thompson(1976)认为,形合的英语是主语突出(subject-prominence)的语言,主题往往就是句子的主语,英语句子的主语通常指人或事物,由名词、代词或名词词组来担任;而汉语是主题突出(topic-prominence)的语言,句子的主语则大不相同,它们可以各种形式出现。除人或事
13、物外,地点、时间、行为方式都可以作主语。在词性方面,除名词、名词词组和代词外,动词短语、介词短语,甚至句子都可以作主语。如“天空万里无云”就是典型的主题句。按照汉语思维,“天空”是主题,后面是评论主题如何。受此影响,学生往往把汉语的主题当成是英语的主语,造出“The sky has no clouds.”这样的句子来。在英语中这句话的主语是“万里无云”,天空只能作地点状语或用形式主语it来代替。因此,我们可以说“Its cloudless”,或者“There is no cloud in the sky”。再比如,(1)读书可以增长知识。(1a)Reading books can acquir
14、e knowledge.(1b)One can acquire knowledge through reading books.(2)自从1978年以来,由于中国人民的努力,中国发生了巨大的变化。(2a)Since 1978,China have taken place great changes with the efforts of the Chinese people.(2b)Since 1978,great changes have taken place in China with the efforts of the Chinese people.,句式主、客观倾向问题,英语民族的
15、思维注重客观事物对人的作用和影响,因而他们对主体与客体有着严格的区分;而汉语民族的思维往往以“人”为中心,形成了以人为中心来思考事物的思维模式(张海涛,1999)。表现在语言上,英语物称倾向比较普遍,常使用不主动发出动作的词或无生命名词充当主语。汉语里,采用有生命的人或物作主语总是占绝对优势。受此影响,学生英语作文中常常出现“I think”,“we must”,“someone says”,“you should”,“lets”等主观倾向明显的表达,少用“It can be argued that”,“It is estimated that”等句型结构。例如,“American educa
16、tion owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.”用汉语表达则为“托马斯杰斐逊对美国教育事业做出了巨大贡献。”在英语写作中,善于用非人称主语句,可有效地减少汉语腔。再比如,“不同的人对考试有不同的态度”。(a)Different people have different attitudes towards examination.(b)Attitudes towards examination vary from person to person.,Kaplan(1966)认为东、西方语言具有不同的思维方式:汉语的人的思维方式是螺旋型(spirality
17、)的,而操英语的人的思维方式是直线型(linearization)。根据Scollon(1991)的观点,亚洲人在谈话时一般延迟话题的介绍,采用一种“亚洲归纳”式思维模式,而西方人一般在谈话开始就引出话题,采用的是“演绎模式”。Kaplan(1972)也曾指出,英语段落的发展是趋向于直线性,推理性的;而在一些东方语言中,段落组织的发展却可称为是在不停地兜圈子,即从多侧面迂回表达而不直接写明。在开首段便说:“I would like to apply for a university scholarship”,而中国学生大多喜欢将这句话放在中间或最后点出。,句子与语境,Father:Do you
18、 drink?Young Man:No,thanks,Im cool.Father:Im not offering;Im asking IF you drink.Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?,I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.用短暂动词的完成进行时来表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。,三大基本从句,主语 主语从句宾语 宾语从句表语 表语从句同位语 同位语从句定语 定语从句状语 状语从句,句子充当主语,句子充当
19、宾语,句子充当表语,句子充当同位语,句子充当定语,句子充当状语,名词从句,一 名词从句,名词从句的本质-三种句子充当四种成分所谓名词从句,就是把完整的句子当作名词来使用。一般来讲,名词在句中充当四种成分:主语,表语,宾语和同位语。能够相当于名词作用的句子:陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句。,The book is interesting.What I am reading is interesting.No one knows exactly the life on other planets.No one knows exactly whether there is life on other
20、 planets.English is a useful tool.English is what I like among all subjects.I love the novel,The old Man and the Sea.I love the saying that love,not time heals all wounds.,Concerns were raised _ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.(考研真题)A.what
21、 B.when C.which D.that同位语从句与其先行词分开人们日益担心,证人可能会因此受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团作出有罪审判。,1.1 主语从句,That引导的主语从句That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.That the plates(地球板块)are moving is not beyond dispute.更常见的是it作形式主语置于句首的形式。It be+过去分词/形容词+that从句,And it is imagined by many that the operations of
22、 the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程相比,这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,Its reported that据报道Its generally thought that人们普遍认为It has been found现已发现It should be noted that 应当注意It must be pointed
23、out that 必须指出,Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rest upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.再者,很显然,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的共同努力。,It be
24、 形容词 that从句,It is clear that 显然It is possible that 很可能It is certain that 可以相信It is fortunate that 幸运的是It is strange that 奇怪的是,It is an established fact that factory workers work better,harder,and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.事实证明,如果把工厂的机器漆成桔黄色
25、而不是黑色或灰色,工人就会干得更勤奋,更出色,事故也会少。,It be 名词短语 that从句,It is a pity that 可惜的是It is good news that。真是太好了It is no wonder that 难怪It is a fact that 事实是It is a shame that 遗憾的是/。真是太不象话了。,It+不及物动词+that从句,It seems that 似乎It happens that 碰巧It comes about that 结果是It follows that 因此/由此可见It turns out that 结果证明是,其他结构,I
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