医科大学附属医院教案首页外科乳腺疾病教案.docx
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1、医科大学第二医院教案首页课程名称外科学授课题目第二十三章乳腺疾病breastdiseases授课对象临床医学本科时间分配共80分钟解剖及生理4分钟乳腺的检查方法8分钟急性乳腺炎病因、发病机制8分钟急性乳腺炎的治疗4分钟乳腺癌的发病原因及影响因素8分钟乳腺癌的临床病理分型及转移途径10分钟乳腺癌的临床表现及主要体征:10分钟乳腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断8分钟乳腺癌的手术治疗8分钟乳腺癌的综合性治疗及进展-12分钟课时目标1、了解急性乳腺炎病因、发病机制。2、掌握急性乳腺炎的治疗。3、掌握乳腺癌的临床病理分型及转移途径。4、熟悉乳腺癌的发病原因及影响因素、手术治疗5、掌握乳腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断。授课重点
2、乳腺癌的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断授课难点乳腺癌的临床表现授课形式大班授课授课方法讲授法参考文献1、外科学(第七版)吴在德主编,人民卫生出版社出版2、黄家驷外科学(第六版)裘法祖主编,人民卫生出版社出版思考题乳腺癌肝转移的途径是什么教研室主任及课程负责人签字教研室主任(签字)课程负责人(签字)年月日年月日基本内容注解(进展、辅助手段)BreastdiseaseANATOMYThematurebreastliescushionedinadiposetissuebetweenthesubcutaneousfatlayerandthesuperficialpectoralfascia.Betweent
3、hebreastandthepectoralismajormuscleliestheretromammaryspace.Thenumberoflymphnodesfoundintheaxilladependsontheextentofdissectionandthediligenceusedtoidentifythesenodes.AnupperlimitisestablishedbytheworkofDurkinandHaagensenusingethanolclearing.LevelInodesarelocatedintheexternalmammary,scapular,axillar
4、yvein,andcentralaxillarygroups,whichlielateraltothelateralborderofthepectoralisminormuscle.LevelIInodesareinthecentralaxillarygrouplocatedunderthepectoralisminormuscle.LevelIIInodesincludetheSubclavicularnodesmedialtothepectoralisminormuscle.Theapexoftheaxillaisdefinedbythecostoclavicularligament.Ly
5、mphnodesinthespacebetweenthepectoralismajorandminormusclesareknownastheinterpectoralgroup,orRotternodes.Lymphaticchannelsareabundantinthebreastparenchymaanddermis.Specializedlymphaticchannelscollectunderthenippleandareola.Lymphflowsfromtheskintothesubareolarplexusandthenintointerlobularlymphaticsoft
6、hebreastparenchyma.Seventy-fivepercentoflymphaticflowfromthebreastisintotheaxillarylymphnodes,andaminoramountgoesthroughthepectoralismuscleandintomoremediallymphnodegroups.Knowledgeofmajornervousstructuresintheaxillaisrequiredtoavoidtheirsacrificeduringsurgery.Thismuscleisimportantforfixatingthescap
7、ulatothechestwallduringadductionoftheshoulderandextensionofthearm,anditsdivisionmayresultinthewingedscapuladeformity.Thisnervearisesfromtheposteriorcordofthebrachialplexusandenterstheaxillaryspaceundertheaxillaryvein.Itthencrossestheaxillatothemedialsurfaceofthelatissimusdorsimuscle.Althoughanatomis
8、tshavecalledthesenervesthemedialpectoralnerves,manysurgeonsrefertothemasthelateralpectoralnerves,reflectingtheirpositionduringsurgery.Exposureofthepectoralneurovascularbundleisagoodlandmark,indicatingthepositionoftheaxillaryveinjustaboveanddeepto(superiorandposterior)thebundle.PhysicalExamination借助图
9、片讲解借助图片讲解基本内容注解(进展、辅助手段)Thenipplesareinspectedandcomparedforthepresenceofretraction,nippleinversion,orexcoriationofthesuperficialepidermisinPaget,sdisease.TheuseofindirectlightingcanunmasksubtledimplingoftheskinornipplecausedbythescirrhousreactionofacarcinomaplacingCoopersligamentsundertension.Simpl
10、emaneuverssuchasstretchingthearmshighabovethehead,tensingthepectoralismuscles,orgentlyliftingthepatient,sbreastmayaccentuateasymmetriesanddimpling.Itisamisconceptiontoequateskindimplingwithadvancedcancer.Thissignisfrequentlyfoundinsmall,scirrhoustumorsthatdonotproducealargemasseffect.Ifcarefullysoug
11、ht,dimplingoftheskinornippleretractionisasensitiveandspecificsignofunderlyingcancer.Edemaoftheskin,frequentlyaccompaniedbyerythema,producesaclinicalsignknownaspeaud,orange.Whencombinedwithtendernessandwarmth,thesesignsandsymptomsarethehallmarkofinflammatorycarcinomaandmaybemistakenforacutemastitis.A
12、lthoughtheseclinicalsignsareoftendramatic,theycanbeoverlookedinwomenwithdarkerskinpigmentinaroomwithinadequatelighting.Theinflammatorychangesandedemaarecausedbyobstructionofdermallymphaticchannelswithemboliofcarcinomacells.Occasionally,abulkytumormayproduceobstructionoflargelymphchannelsthatresultsi
13、noverlyingskinedema.Thisisnot,strictlyspeaking,aninflammatorycarcinoma,inwhichthevisiblesignsareoutofproportiontothepalpablemass.In40patientswithinflammatorycarcinomawhounderwenttreatmentwithHaagensen,allcasespresentedwitherythemaandedemaoftheskin;apalpablemassorlocalizedindurationwaspresentin19;and
14、,in21patients,nolocalizedtumorwaspresent.Involvementofthenippleandareolaisacommonhistologicfindinginbreastsremovedforcarcinoma.Directinvolvementmayaccompanytumorsoriginatinginbreasttissueundertheareolaandmayresultinretractionoftheusuallyprotrudingnipple.Flatteningoractualinversionofthenipplecanbecau
15、sedbyfibrosisincertainbenignconditions,especiallysubareolarductectasia.Inthesecases,thefindingisfrequentlybilateralandthehistoryconfirmsthattheconditionhasbeenpresentformanyyears.Unilateralretractionorretractionthatdevelopsoverweeksormonthsismoresuggestiveofcarcinoma.Centrallylocatedtumorsmaydirectl
16、yinvadeandulcerate-fl1*111yfl1i,,配合图片了解乳腺的检查方法基本内容注解(进展、辅助手段)ThesecondclinicalfeatureofcarcinomathatdirectlyinvolvesthenipplewasdescribedbySirJamesPagetin1874andnamedPagefsdisease.Histologically,thisdiseaseisproducedbyintraductal配合图片carcinomaoccurringinthelargesinusesjustunderthenipple.Carcinomacell
17、sinvadeacrosstheepidermoepithelialjunctionandentertheepidermallayeroftheskinofthenipple.Clinically,thishistologicvariantproducesadermatitisthatmayappeareczematoidandmoistordryandpsoriatic.Itisusuallyconfinedtothenipple,althoughitcanspreadtotheskinoftheareola.Haagensenpointsoutthatbenignskincondition
18、ssuchaseczemafrequentlybeginontheareola,whereasPaget,sdiseaseoriginatesonthenippleandsecondarilyinvolvestheareola.通过图片及多媒体了解急性乳腺炎的病因及临床表现。基本内容注解(进展、辅助手段)鲁卡因溶液6080毫升在乳房周围和乳房后作封闭;可促使早期炎症消散。(四)全身抗感染:应用磺胺类药物或抗生素。(五)中医药治疗:以舒肝清热、化滞通乳为主可用蒲公英、野菊花等清热解毒类药物。急性乳房炎脓肿形成期,治疗要则是及时切开引流,排出积脓。切开引流应注意如下要点:(1)为避免手术损伤乳管而
19、形成乳屡,切口应按轮辐方向作放射状切开,至乳晕处为止;深部脓肿或乳房后脓肿,可沿乳房下缘作弧形切口,经乳房后间隙引流之;既可避免乳管损伤,亦有利于引流排脓。乳晕下脓肿,应作沿乳晕边缘的弧形切口。(2)若炎症明显而未见波动处,不应消极等待,应在压痛最明显处进行穿刺,及早发现深部脓肿。(3)脓肿切开后,应以手指深入脓腔,轻轻分离其间的纤维间隔以利引流彻底。(4)为使引流通畅,可在探查脓腔时,找到脓腔的最低部位,别加切口作对口引流。四、预防:关键在于防治乳汁淤积,同时避免乳头损伤,并保持局部清洁。乳腺囊性增生病IR述:本病又称慢性囊性乳腺病(简称乳腺病是妇女常见、多发病之一,多见于中年女性是乳腺实质
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