莱菔素抗食管鳞癌活性评价及机制研究.docx
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1、莱第素抗食管鳞癌活性评价及机制研究摘要食管癌是全球范围内患病率第八,死亡率第六的癌症,包括中国在内的多个亚洲地区是其高发区域。食管癌包含食管鳞癌和食管腺癌两种亚型,其中食管鳞癌的占比超过70%o罹患食管鳞癌的患者最典型的症状就是胸骨后或肩胛间区域疼痛,吞咽困难及由此引发的体重下降、营养不良现象。由于这些症状通常在肿瘤发展到中晚期时才会慢慢显现,很多患者确诊时已经错过了最佳治疗阶段,导致食管鳞癌的预后较差,五年生存率仅10%-15%o因此进一步研究食管鳞癌发生发展相关机制并确认新的治疗策略与作用靶点对降低患者死亡率、提升总体生存时间至关重要。多项研究证实十字花科植物具有很好的抗癌防癌效果,其中起
2、关键作用的是异硫氟酸酯类物质,可以抑制多种肿瘤细胞生长并诱导细胞凋亡。莱版素作为异硫氟酸酯家族成员之一,近几年受到了越来越多研究人员的关注。它可以阻碍多条经典信号通路发挥促癌效果,并能激活在癌细胞中失活的明星抗癌因子,促进细胞周期阻滞与细胞凋亡,从而达到调控肿瘤增殖与侵袭转移能力的效果。本篇研究主要围绕着莱酸素抗食管鳞癌发生发展的活性大小与相关作用机制展开。我们首先进行了移植瘤实验,发现莱腋素处理的裸鼠与对照组裸鼠相比,体内肿瘤的大小与重量显著减小,而体重则没有太大差别,这说明莱版素在不影响裸鼠正常生活的前提下,可以有效延缓体内食管鳞癌肿块的增殖速率。之后在两种食管鳞癌细胞中进行的细胞活性测定
3、与克隆形成实验说明莱版素对细胞生长的抑制效果具有时间依赖性与剂量依赖性,而流式细胞仪检测及相关蛋白免疫印迹实验结果表明莱施素对食管鳞癌增殖的抑制作用癌增殖的抑制作用是通过引发G2/M期细胞周期阻滞与细胞凋亡来实现的。随后我们通过划痕愈合实验与Transwell实验证明莱版素还可以显著抑制癌细胞的侵袭转移能力。鉴于莱藤素表现出了较强的抗食管鳞癌活性,我们接下来通过基因芯片对莱版素处理前后细胞中基因的表达量进行检测,以此寻找将莱薇素与食管鳞癌细胞表型变化连接起来的靶基因与靶信号通路。芯片结果与后续验证实验表明SCD和CDH3以及p53通路是药物处理细胞后表达量变化最显著的基因与信号通路,最有可能参
4、与莱藤素抑制食管鳞癌发生发展的过程。我们通过挽救实验确认莱藤素确实是通过调控SCD和CDH3表达来下调食管鳞癌侵袭转移速度,并且数据库预测与随后的蛋白免疫印迹实验均表明Wnt通路位于这两个基因下游,莱瓶素抑制基因表达后,Wnt通路随之失活。我们发现SCD和CDH3对细胞生长没有明显作用,这意味着还有其他莱版素的靶基因参与调控细胞的增殖过程。莱腋素对p53的转录后调控作用使我们想到了p38通路这一常见的p53激活子,而调节p38活性的上游基因GADD45B和MAP2K3在莱敢素作用下表达量明显提高,并且降低它们的表达会显著影响莱施素对食管鳞癌细胞生长的抑制作用。CO-IP实验表明GADD45B可
5、以激活MAP2K3并发挥p38活化因子的作用,再加上GADD45B已被证实是p53靶基因之一,因此我们确定莱版素激活细胞内正反馈调节环GADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53来降低食管鳞癌生长速率。过表达SCD,CDH3或降低GADD45B,MAP2K3表达量均会影响莱版素对食管鳞癌发生发展的调控作用,但没有完全抵消这种抑制效果,说明还存在其他关键效应因子。我们利用GSEA富集方法重新分析基因芯片结果,发现NFKB通路与莱版素发挥作用密切相关,并通过与GEo数据库下载的数据集进行对比,确认了CXCLlO,INHBA,TNFAIP3和PLAU是莱酸素靶基因中推动食管鳞癌发展的重要因子。数据库
6、预测NFkB通路位于这4个基因上游,通过结合到基因启动子或增强子上发挥转录激活作用。我们挑选莱第素处理后表达量变化最明显的TNFAIP3和PLAU进行验证,确认莱腋素通过抑制NFkB作为转录因子与基因直接结合来调控基因表达,最终达到抑制食管鳞癌细胞增殖与转移的效果。实验结果表明莱服素具有很强的抗食管鳞癌效果,本篇研究比较详细地分析了其体内体外抑制食管鳞癌发生发展地作用机制,为将来应用这一潜力巨大的抗癌药物治疗食管鳞癌打下了坚实基础。关键词:食管鳞癌,莱服素,SCD,CDH3,GADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53,NFkB通路IVSTUDYONTHEACTIVITYANDMOLECULA
7、RMECHANISMOFSULFORAPHENEONESOPHAGEALSQUAMOUSCELLCARCINOMAABSTRACTEsophagealcanceristheeighthprevalenceandsixthmortalitycancerworldwide,andmanyAsianregions,includingChina,areareaswithahighincidenceofit.Esophagealcancerisprincipallycomprisedoftwopathologicallydistinctdiseases,esophagealsquamouscellcan
8、cer(ESCC)andadenocarcinoma(EAC),andESCCaccountsfor70%ofesophagealcancercasesworldwide.ThemosttypicalsymptomsofESCCarepainbehindthebreastboneorbetweentheshoulderblades,dysphagia,andtheresultingweightlossandmalnutrition.Assymptomsmaybenoticeableonlywhenthetumorhasreachedarelativelyadvancedstage,thegen
9、eralprognosisispoor,andthe5-yearsurvivalrateisonly10%-15%.Therefore,understandingoftheepidemiology,pathology,andmolecularmechanismsofESCC,andproposalsofnoveltherapeuticstrategiesandmoretreatmentoptionsforpatientsareurgentlyneeded.Anumberofstudieshaveconfirmedthatcruciferousplantshavesatisfiedanti-ca
10、ncereffects,andthebiggestcontributorisisothiocyanates,whichcaninhibitthegrowthofvarioustumorcellsandinducecellapoptosis.Asamemberoftheisothiocyanates,Sulforahene(SFE)hasreceivedmoreandmoreattentioninrecentyears.Itcanhindermultiplesignalingpathwaysfromexertingtheircancer-promotingeffects,andactivatek
11、eyantitumorfactorsthatareinactivatedincancercellstopromotecellcyclearrestandapoptosis,achievingtheeffectsofregulatingtumorproliferationandmetastasis.ThisresearchmainlyfocusontheactivityandrelatedmechanismofSFEagainsttheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofESCC.Wefirstperformedthexenografttumorassay,andfoundtha
12、ttherewasnosignificantdifferenceinmicebodyweight,whilethetumorvolumeandlumpsweightinmicetreatedwithSFEwereobviouslysmallerthanthatofthecontrolgroup,indicatingthatSFEcouldeffectivelydelaytheproliferationofESCCinvivowithoutaffectingthehealthyofnudemice.WethenexaminedtheroleofSFEintwoESCCcelllinesbycel
13、lviabilityandcolonyformationassays,findingatime-dependentanddose-dependentinhibitionofSFEoncellproliferation.FACSanalysesandwesternblottingresultsindicatedtheinhibitoryeffectofSFEontheproliferationofESCCwasachievedbyinducingG2Mcellcyclearrestandapoptosis.Subsequently,weprovedSFEcouldalsosignificantl
14、yinhibitcellinvasionandmigrationbyscratchhealingandTranswellassays.InviewofthestronganticanceractivityofSFE,wethenlookedfortargetgenesandsignalingpathwaysthatconnectSFEandphenotypicchangesinESCCthroughmicroarraystodetectchangesingeneexpressionbeforeandafterSFEtreatmentofESCCcells.Themicroarraysdataa
15、ndsubsequentverificationexperimentsshowedthatSCD,CDH3andp53pathwayswerethegenesandpathwaywiththemostsignificantchangesinexpressionafterSFEtreatment,whichweremostlikelytobeinvolvedinSFEinhibitingESCCprogression.WeconfirmedthroughrescueexperimentsthatSFEactuallysuppressedESCCmetastasisbyregulatingthee
16、xpressionofSCDandCDH3.DatabasespredictedandsubsequentwesternblottingshowedthattheWntpathwayislocateddownstreamofthetwogenes,andonceSFEinhibitsgeneexpression,theWntpathwayisinactivated.WefoundthatSCDandCDH3hadnoobviouseffectsoncellprliferation,whichmeantthattherewereothertargetgenesofSFErelatedtothis
17、regulationprocess.Thepost-transcriptionalregulationofp53bySFEremindedusofacommonp53regulator,thep38pathway,theactivatorsofwhich,MAP2K3andGADD45BweresignificantlyincreasedbySFEtreatment.TheexpressionofMAP2K3andGADD45BdecreasedreversedtheinhibitoryeffectofSFEonESCCcellproliferation,andco-IPresultsindi
18、catedthatGADD45B,aknowntargetofp53,couldpromotethephosphorylationlevelofMAP2K3.Thus,wecoulddrewaconclusionthatSFEactivatedthepositivefeedbackloopGADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53toinhibitESCCproliferation.OverexpressionofSCDandCDH3orreductionofGADD45BandMAP2K3expressioncouldaffecttheregulationeffectsofSFEonESC
19、Cprogression,yetnotcompletelyoffset.Wethoughtthattherewereothervitaleffectors,andreprocessedthemicroarraysdatabyGSEA,findingthattheNFkBpathwaywasassociatedwithSFEinhibitionofESCCproliferationandmetastasis.WedownloadedandprocessedtwodatasetsfromtheGEOdatabase,andidentifiedCXCLlO,INHBA,TNFAIP3andPLAUw
20、erethetargetgeneofSFEinESCC.TheCistromedatabasepredictedthattheNFkBpathwayactsasatranscriptionfactortoregulationgeneexpressionbybindingtothepromoterorenhancerregionofCXCLlO,INHBA,TNFAIP3andPLAU.WeselectedTNFAIP3andPLAUwiththemostobviouschangesinexpressionafterSFEtreatmentforverification,confirmingth
21、atSFEregulatedgeneexpressionbyinhibitingNFkBtodirectlybindtogenesandeventuallyinhibitedESCCprogression.AlltheresultssuggestthatSFEhasastronginhibitoryeffectonESCCdevelopment,andthisstudyanalyzethespecificmechanismofSFEinhibitingESCCprogression,provingthatSFEisapromisingchemotherapeuticagentthatmaybe
22、usedtotreatESCCinthefuture.KEYWORDS:esophagealsquamouscellcancer,Sulforaphene,SCD,CDH3GADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53,theNFkBpathway目录第一章绪论11.1 食管鳞癌概述11.1.1 风险因素11.1.2 分子特征11.1.3 治疗手段21.2 异硫氤酸酯抗癌活性研究31.2.1 芥酸41.2.2 引咪-3-甲醇51.2.3 莱版硫烷61.2.4 莱薇素71.3 立项背景与研究意义8第二章莱瓶素抑制食管鳞癌活性评价92.1 实验材料92.1.1 莱萌素92.1.2 实验细胞株92.1
23、.3 实验试剂92.1.4 实验设备102.2 实验方法112.2.1 体内移植瘤实验112.2.2 细胞培养122.2.3 细胞生长检测122.2.4 克隆形成实验132.2.5 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期132.2.6 caspase蛋白活性检测142.2.7 westernblotting检测蛋白表达水平152.2.8 划痕实验182.2.9 Transwell实验182.3 结果与讨论192.3.1 莱第素抑制体内食管鳞癌生长192.3.2 莱瓶素抑制食管鳞癌细胞增殖202.3.3 莱薇素抑制食管鳞癌细胞侵袭转移232.4 本章小结25第三章莱版素抑制食管鳞癌机制研究273.1
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