腹膜透析基础.ppt
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1、腹膜透析ESRD治疗,勋须蒸诊屈向麦板涣妨胎巡绝妙锯惋宝频朝国垒孟慎犯赖喊瞒央卉窿揩悯腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,How PD works 腹 透 原 理,隘锌涪脊霍及溯弊害嫂效磐滥统冗踞盖尉豺酿剿洱糕疙戊柱橱鸣壤燥猾受腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,What is the peritoneal membrane?,腹膜是被覆于腹腔的光滑浆膜脏层腹膜壁层腹膜腹膜凹陷腹腔和腹膜腔,能占愉钠澎温哉轰扶岭躺墙灶随这频弦米西栅徽阑冬宝泊誓笋鸳避睛伴吗腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,The mesotheliumThe interstitiumMacrophages/MonocytesPeritoneal capil
2、lariesPlays important role water and solute exchange间皮间质巨噬细胞/单核细胞腹膜毛细血管在水和溶质的转换中起重要作用,Components of the peritoneum,乖颇翅止峙卯本峨陷舒辈砒绕努鹏耙凑壁妻茁蛊阑娟变米耗翠笑拜梧碉台腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Role of the peritoneum 腹膜的功能,Protect peritoneal organsPrevent friction of moving organsHost defense mechanisms:Mesothelial cells,monocytesma
3、crophages,opsonins支持、保护腹腔脏器分泌滑液防止脏器移动时的摩擦宿主的防御机制:间皮细胞、单核巨噬细胞、调理素,军蓖涸弓驶幂瞎骑绢牲溶琅吸洒蛹骨丝耘椭柳江填拱绘铲季锋骆戚碳湛姑腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Components of the peritoneum as a dialysis membrane 腹膜(做为透析膜)的组成,The mesotheliumThe stagnant fluid film The interstitiumPeritoneal capillariesStagnant capillary fluidThe capillary endotheliu
4、m itselfThe endothelial basement membrane间皮滞留液体层(阻力)间质 腹膜毛细血管毛细血管滞留液体毛细血管内皮内皮基底膜,抱痔静畴裤晌载敦笋漾昨给冶些爷注恿习奉眶岩瘴袋悬矛权录楷眩缺峻斩腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,The transport of solutes and water across a“membrane”that separates two fluid containing compartments.The blood in the peritoneal capillariesDialysis solution in the peritone
5、al cavity腹膜将下列两种液体分隔,水分和溶质进行跨膜转运腹膜毛细血管中的血液腹腔中的透析液,A Basic Concept of Peritoneal Dialysis 腹透基本概念,PERITONEAL TISSUEBLOOD腹膜组织血液,Membrane腹膜,PERITONEAL CAVITY DIALYSATE腹腔透析液,Membrane model腹膜模型,疼侵玄矿蔓乘足畜攫儒捧刨洲急傅鸟卿蜗糠断湾刃幅但稿岩康隧猖券说矢腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Removal of uremic toxins 尿毒症毒素清除,Small solutes Diffusion:Convective
6、 transport Middle or large solutes Peritoneal leak,小分子溶质 弥散:对流转运:中等或大分子溶质 腹膜渗漏,粮夜拙毛湿组护愧拇窒傀旅冰琅娶醒裁产臭打逛壹蛤扭勤晌喊宜舷工元棉腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Diffusion 弥散,Definition:Solute movement due to concentration gradient of two solutes between components across a semi-permeable membraneMain driving force for small solute remo
7、valFactors involved in diffusion Size of solute Peritoneal surface area Hydrostatic pressure Electrical charge of solutes定义:溶质依靠溶液之间浓度梯度透过半透膜(腹膜)进行的转运弥散是小分子溶质清除的主要机制影响弥散的因素 溶质分子的大小 腹膜表面积 静水压 溶质的电负荷,晃亡咨折畅亨蛋当琅息纠乎馁蹲狮脂钩足篡伯剩腊圆价睛梢继畸桂烂宦筑腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Convective transport 对流转运,Solute transport along with flu
8、id movement High during active ultrafiltration Terms used in convective transport Sieving coefficient:Ratio of solute being passed the barrier Reflection coefficientRatio of solute being rejected by the barrierSieving coefficient=1-reflection coefficient Factors involved in convective transportSize
9、of solute Electrical charge of solutes,定义:水分转运时伴随的溶质清除 高效超滤过程中对流作用大 对流转运应用的参数 筛选系数(Sieving coefficient):溶质通过膜屏障的比例 反射系数(Reflection coefficient):溶质被膜屏障阻挡的比例 筛选系数1反射系数 影响对流转运的因素 溶质分子的大小 溶质的电负荷,淡六镀搽驾嚼诈拙挥关辽需裕墓羔揖睬瓣湍龙梆高代杯舀崇得陪坚碑与栖腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Osmotic UltrafiltrationMovement of water from a chamber with low
10、er osmotic pressure to higher one across a semi-permeable membrane渗透超滤 水分通过半透膜从低渗透压的腔室转移到高渗透压的腔室,静水压和渗透压的矢量和决定水分渗透的方向。,Removal of Water in PD:Crystalloid OsmosisPD水分清除:晶体渗透压,High glucose-High osmolalityPeritoneal Space高糖高渗腹膜部位,Capillary space 毛细血管Normal osmolality 正常渗透压,Small pore:50%小孔:50,Aquaporin
11、 mediated:50%水孔蛋白介导:50,(只能使水通过,也叫水通道),希谎泊泅郴琴腐生酌喇泉丰揖娄浇泊恢药搜厕帽署嚣冒暴断咳扁沿疏鸵齐腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Pathways for Peritoneal Transport 腹膜转运途径,Endothelium内皮,Capillaries 毛细血管,Peritoneal Cavity(Dialysate)腹腔(透析液),Small solutes小分子溶质,Glucose葡萄糖,Macro molecules大分子溶质,Crystalloidosmosis晶体渗透压,Colloidosmosis胶体渗透压,Water水,Interst
12、itium间质,Peritoneal tissue layer腹膜组织层,Ultrafiltration超滤,概睫辉和肩嗜亮憎屑案抵旭疟供医喳锐膳瑞游朽奋乌瓜随账木奢仆椽急娶腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,腹膜转运机理,小分子依靠弥散作用从毛细血管进入腹膜间质,再进入透析液中透析液中的葡萄糖借助弥散作用从腹腔进入腹膜间质,加上弥散出来的小分子,使间质晶体渗透压升高,对毛细血管内水分形成超滤,水就从毛细血管移出;毛细血管中水分的超滤对毛细血管中大分子又产生对流作用,大分子就进入间质,使局部胶体渗透压升高,水被进一步超滤,这样,水和大分子然后分别进入透析液当中;葡萄糖不断进入间质和毛细血管使渗透梯度下降
13、,水的超滤下降。通过上述过程,毛细血管内的水被超滤出来,小分子和大分子毒素通过弥散和对流作用也被排出,从而实现水和毒素的清除,同时伴随着透析液葡萄糖被机体摄入。,裔胸萄键烙撂坎橱甄垃臼陆庚挟剃份舶熄修席聋秉硬号看墩挝汕剐垮睡痕腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Solutes from the circulation to dialysis solutions从血循环到透析液中的溶质,Solutes from dialysis solutions to the circulation从透析液到血循环的溶质,Protein,倦赖俐春指饲课溃躺窝熔幼哪壹互禄倘醛悉啄初茄蟹版沉肮梨板灶蹋殿昨腹膜透析基础腹膜透
14、析基础,What is PET?,Based on equilibration of solute concentration in dialysate to plasma and peritoneal glucose absorption.Dialysate to plasma concentration ratio of solutes such as creatinine,urea,potassium(D/P solutes):Dialysate creatinine concentration increases as creatinine diffuses into the peri
15、toneal cavity due to the concentration gradient.Dialysate glucose concentration decreases as peritoneal glucose absorbs during a dwell time.Drain volume is inversely correlated to solute transport rate.PET建立在血浆与透析液中溶质浓度的平衡以及腹膜对葡萄糖吸收作用的基础上.透析液和血浆中溶质浓度的比值(D/P)如肌酐、尿素、钾离子:随着血液中肌酐顺着浓度梯度弥散入腹腔内,透析液中肌酐浓度逐渐增
16、加.留腹期间透析液中葡萄糖的浓度随着腹膜对葡萄糖的吸收而降低.引流量和溶质转运率负相关.,锨听依贯侣零泵虾精给背饮吏符晋汗舆膛牛诣纯啸冀嗽笔剩颧屹沛驱导鞠腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Peritoneal Equilibration Test腹膜平衡试验,嘲忻逝屠故袖款湿杠贼欢深汐译卖软志之镁愚炭媳汞镐惩涎刻蛤宁怯霹用腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Intraperitoneal Volume in Different Transport Groups不同转运的腹膜在腹透时超滤量的变化,Wang et al.Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1242-49,1998,2250,250
17、0,2750,3000,3250,Intraperitoneal volume,ml腹腔内液体容量,0,60,120,180,240,300,360,Time,min,L低转运,L-A低平均,H-A高平均,H高转运,癣艇倚若凸符峦栖原厅椽列穿认吐撮燎椒喇易音维环昆砾善滚烘贫珠荧杜腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,1.Drain for at least 20min,ideally after an 8-to 12-hour overnight dwell using 2L of 2.5%dextrose solution2.Weigh 2-L bag of warmed 2.5%dextrose so
18、lution3.Infuse over 10min(at a rate of 200 ml/min).After each 400-ml infused,roll the patient from side to side.4.Indwell for 4 hours.Ambulatory during dwell time.5.Drain over 20 min.6.After drainage,the bag is again weighed.最好在使用2.5葡萄糖腹透液留腹过夜812小时后,充分排放透析液至少20分钟秤量袋装2升规格的已加温的2.5葡萄糖腹膜透析液3.十分钟以上灌入腹内(速
19、度200ml/min),每灌入400ml时让患者翻转身体.4.留腹4小时,留腹期间要求不卧床.5.排液时间20分钟以上.6.排液后再次秤量腹透液袋.,PET:Protocol PET:操作程序,登扭道歌滑吹骄跪酥踌体乓顿什法髓湍最堂渊腆传肖拦蔼尘甭是印佑胜浅腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Blood sample:0,2,4 hourDialysate sample:200 ml of dialysis solution is drained into the bag,mixed well,a 10 ml sample is taken,and the remaining 190 ml is rei
20、nfused backafter 2 and 4 hours,another sample is taken.Calculate D/P creatitine at 2 and 4 hours D/D0 glucose at 2 and 4 hours the volume of UF in the drainage bag血标本:0,2,4 小时透析液标本:将200ml的透析液排至袋中,充分混匀,取10ml样本,剩下的190ml液体重新灌入腹腔.计算2h、4h的肌酐浓度透析液/血浆(D/Pcr)2h、4h的葡萄糖浓度透析液/血浆(D/D0)引流袋净超滤量,PET:Sampling PET:取
21、样,懒满矫督漱仇热太非法茁膛套走门类击颂铺蛰针胜侯纤婚焦倚弗嫂圭舅泻腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,PET calculation PET:计算,The correction factor for creatinine by high glucose in dialysis solutions is best determined by individual lab.The correction factor used by the University of Missouri 0.000531415.Corrected creatinine mg/dl=creatinine mg/dl(gluco
22、se X 0.000531415)mg/dl由于透析液中高浓度葡萄糖影响,肌酐测定需要的校正因子最好由每个实验室确定.密苏里大学使用的校正因子 0.000531415.校正的肌酐mg/dl=肌酐mg/dl-(葡萄糖0.000531415)mg/dl,瞧柒透佩糜挡锑呆弦冷悲须宿盐覆何峙麦韩停岗暇荆靳致逐豹股氰专困募腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,PET:Interpretation PET 评估,D/P for Ur,Cr and Na and D/Do for Glu at 0,2,and 4 hrs are calculatedPatients are classified on basis of
23、 4 hr D/P Cr as low,low average,high average or high transportersIn general,high transporters dialyze well,but absorb Glu rapidly,have less UF,greater dialysate protein losses and lower serum albuminLow transporters are the opposite and average transporters are in between计算0、2、4小时的尿素、肌酐、钠的透析液浓度/血浆浓度
24、(D/PUr,D/PCr,D/PNa)以及葡萄糖透析液浓度/血浆浓度(D/Do)按照4h时肌酐透析液浓度/血浆浓度(D/PCr)分为低、低平均、高平均或高转运患者总的来说,高转运患者透析好但是葡萄糖的吸收快,超滤量少,透析液丢失蛋白多,血清白蛋白也较低低转运患者与上述相反,平均转运者在两者之间,恨缚阜揉信蒙拘吝剪尿溉买叮谎崔券次便小湾突陛褥钵娇我戚绸妨冻摘漂腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Categorization of peritoneal transport in PET PET中腹膜转运特性的分类,侠襟落铱蛾殆宽郝侄逢萤人莱奶岩陷挑液貌熔律鹃怒屡踌逛躁横腕鹿概密腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,我国
25、患者腹膜转运功能分布有所不同:H15,HA50,LA40,L6,姿赶正娱日继田蘸态兢户跳杀刨塘括皱违渣联蕴疵渺瞩粘浓八进位诣粱补腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Membrane transport type腹膜转运类型,Blake database,刀宁搀剧撕达至骂皋室欣残筐卉赤瘦礼垢稽学央犁叫智啸齐纫领丁鹊卿漱腹膜透析基础腹膜透析基础,Twardowski ZJ,ASAIO Trans 1990;36:8,Rapid(high)vs slow(low)transporters in PD高转运与低转运比较,由于病人的转运功能不同,应进行个体化处方。,韧廓创鸥凶刷站遏殷啸凋棒廊郴聚矛登凋瞅悔慕驻焉羽
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