国际经济学-克鲁格曼1-9章题库(ch1-9).docx

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1、TESTBANKOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICSPartI.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Theseare,thebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreas

2、ons:and,3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodifofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWanda；C、a；WaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.If,Homehasacomparativeadvantage

3、incheese,pc/pwistherelativepriceofcheese,whenHomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandac、a；WaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHomesandForeign,slaborforce.Ifaljc/alwpcpw。、户犬、rWinsideHome

4、is.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas.7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,Second.8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenand9.Accordingto,iftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealin

5、comeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.IO-Accordingto,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.1!.AccordingIo,ownersofa

6、country,sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry,sscarefactorslose.12.Accordingto,internationaltradeproducesaconvergenceofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.13.Threeassumptionscrucialtothep

7、redictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare(1)(2)(3).14.U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.importsvisknownas15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcasesof16.Thestandardtrademodelderivesaworldrelativesupplycurvefromandaworldr

8、elativedemandcurvefrom.17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedeclineofthewelfarecausedbytheJeteriorationofthetermsoftradeswapovertheriseofthewellrecausedbygrowth,thegrowthis.18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgro

9、wnatall.Thissituationisknownas.19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsare20.Accordingto“，tariffsandexportsubsidiesmighthaveperverseeffectsoninternalprice.21.InthemodelofMonopolisticCompetitionandTrade,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweenand.22.Marshallarguedthatthere

10、werethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreCfficientthananindividualfirminisolation:,23.Thepatternofintraindustrytradeitselfisunpredicted,determinethedetailsofthetradepattern.39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.24.Theindexesofintrainindustrytradeofaindust

11、rycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:/=.25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustrytradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.When、，intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.26.Theargumentoftemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas27.Ifweaddtogeth

12、erthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindthetheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:and28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy,govementareassumedtomaximizeratherthan.30.Deviationsfromfreetradecan

13、sometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludeand3!.Accordingto,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem,ssources.32.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimpolance.canexplai

14、nwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.33.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:GATTI994,GATS,34.Nondiscriminatoryprinciplesincludeprincipleandprinciple35.Forpreferentialtradingagreements,suchas,countriesmustcedepa

15、rtoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity.36.Whetheracustomsunionisdesirableorundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstoor.PartII.TrueorFalse(trueandfalsearedenotedbyTandF,respectively)l.Ifarw*aLCw/willbeproducedinForeign.()3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthat

16、eachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.()4.Long-runconvergenceinproductivityproduceslong-runconvergenceinwages.()5.uKoreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan,timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wag

17、ethatgoeswithit.()6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified.Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybecompetitiveorthatthetradebefair.()7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.()8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwa

18、ges.()9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.()10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegreeofspecialization.()1!.TheRicardianModelneglectstheeffectsonincomedistribution.()12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumb

19、erofstudiesoveryears.()13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.()14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.()15.TheopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedbyMPLMMPLf.()16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsont

20、herealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.()17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.()18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry,sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidiestoredistributeincometogiv

21、eeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.()19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.()20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.()21.Conflict

22、sofinterestwithinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.()22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.()23.Theformulationoftradepolicyisakindofpoliticalprocess.()24.“Theworld,spoorestcountriescan,

23、tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundantcertainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant/()25.WageinequalityinU.S.increasedbetweenthelate1970sandtheearly1990s,economistsattributethechangetothegrowingexportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromNIEs.26.Ifthefactor-proportiontheoryw

24、asright,acountrywouldalwaysexportfactorsforwhichtheincomeshareexceededthefactorshare,importfactorsforwhichitwasless.()27.TheH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.()28.FactortradeingeneralturnsouttobemuchsmallerthantheH-Omodelpredicts.()29.Accordingtoaninfluentialrecentpaper,theH-O

25、modelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.FactortradeingeneralturnouttobethesameastheH-Omodelpredicts.()30.OnlybydroppingtheHeckscher-OhlinassumptionthattechnologiesarethesameacrossthecountriescantheoverallpatternofinternationaltradebewellpredictedbytheH-Omodel.()31.Ifacountrywanttomaxim

26、izeitsnationalwelfare,theconsumptionpointiswherethehighestisovaluelineistangenttothehighestreachableindifferencecurve.()32.Ariseinthetermsoftradeincreasesacountry,swelfare,whileadeclineinthetermsoftradereducesitswelfare.()33.Export-biasedgrowthtendstoimprovethegrowingcountrytermsoftradeattherestofth

27、eworld,sexpense.()34.Ifthetwocountriesallocatetheirchangeinspendinginthesameproportions,therewillnotbeatermsoftradeeffect.()35.Ifthecountryreceivingatransferspendsahigherproportionofanincreaseincomeonitsexportgoodthanthegiver,atransferraisesworldrelativedemandfortherecipientsexportgoodandthusimprove

28、itstermsoftrade.()36.Atransferworsensthedonorstermsoftradeifthedonorhasahighermariginalpropensitytospendonitsexportgoodthantherecipient.()37.Atransferimprovesthedonor,stermsoftrade,worsensrecipientstennsoftrade.()38.Atransferofincomesayforeignaidcouldconceivablyleavetherecipientworseoff.()39.Atariff

29、improvesUome*stermsoftradeandWorSenSFOreigns,whileaHomeexportsubsidyworsensHomestermsoftradeandimproveForeign,s.()40.Wherethereiseconomiesofscale,thereisimperfectlycompetitivemarketstructure.()41.Ifintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.()42.Effectonthedistribut

30、ionofincomewithincountriesoftenweightmoreheavilyonpolicythantermsoftradeconcerns.()43.Theusualmarketstructureinindustriescharacterizedbyinternaleconomiesofscaleismonopolisticcompetition.()44.Today,antidumpingmaybeadeviceofprotectionism.()45.Reciprocaldumpingtendstoincreasethevolumeoftradeingoodsthat

31、arequiteidentical.()46.ltispossiblethatreciprocaldumpingincreasenationalwelfare.()47.Strongexternaleconomiestendtolockedintheexistingpatternsofinlerindustrytrade,evenifthepatternsareruncountertocomparativeadvantage.()48.Atradingcountrycanconceivablylosefromtradeisprotentiallyjustifyprotectionism.()-

32、49.Likestaticextemaleconomies,dynamicexternaleconomiescanlockinaninitialadvantageinanindustry.()50.TheStratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodeloffcfcMonopolisticcompetition,differentiateproductsandintraindustrytrade.()51.Themodeli4OligopoIy,homogeneousproductsandintraindustrytradezisfirstdevelopedbyKr

33、ugmanandHelpman.()52.Tradeinfactorsisverymuchliketradeingoods,itoccursformuchthesamereasonsandproducessimilarresults.()53.Tradeinfactorsisanalternativetotradeingoodsfortheallocationofresources.()54.Whenacountryborrows,it,sintertemporalPPFisbiasedtowardQ()55.TherelativepriceoffutureconsumptiongoodsQP

34、is(1+r).()56.ThedynamicpathofTNC；enterforeignmarket：FD/-*ExportLicence.()57.Tariffsmayhaveverydifferenteffectsondifferentstagesofproductionofagood.()58.Nominaltariffreflectstheeffectiverateofprotection.()59.Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlythedirectgainstoproducersandconsumersinagi

35、venmarketaccuratelymeasurethesocialgains.()60.Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlyadollar,sworthofbenefitstoeachgroupisthesame.()61.AVERisexactlylikeanimportquotawhichthelicenseareassignedtoforeigngovernment.()62.VERsaremuchmorecostlythantariffs.()63.Localcontentlawshavebeenwidelyused

36、bydevelopingcountriestryingtoshifttheirmanufacturingfromassemblybackintointermediategoods.()64.Apoliticalargumentforfreetradere11ectsthefactthatapoliticalcommitmenttofreetrademaybeagoodideainpracticeeventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.()65.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationa

37、lwelfare.()66.Forasufficientlysmalltariffthetermsoftradegainofsmallcountrymustoutweightheefficiencyloss.()67.Thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeisintellectuallyimpeccablebutofdoubtfulusefulness.()68.“U.S.fanexportsdon,tjustmeanhigherincomesforfarmerstheymeanhigherincomeforeveryonewhosel

38、lgoodsandservicestotheU.S.farmsectorx,.Thisremarkisapotentialvalidargumentforexportsubsidy.()69.Mostdeviationsfromfreetradeareadoptednotbecausetheirbenefitexceedtheircostsbutbecausethepublicfailstounderstandtheirtruecosts.()70.Ifthereismarginalsocialcostsratherthanmarginalsocialbenefits,domesticmark

39、etfailurereinforcethecaseforfreetrade.()71.TheelectoralcompetitionmodelbelievespoliticalcompetitionwilldrivebothpartiestoproposetariffsclosetotM,thetariffpreferredbythemediumvoter.()72.Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanbestbeovercomewhenagroupislargeand/orwellorganized.()73.Tradepolicythatproducemoreco

40、ststhanbenefits,hurtmoreconsumersthanproducerscan,tbeadopted.()74.AsaviolationoftheMFN(umostfavorednation)principle,theWTOforbidspreferentialtradingagreementsingeneral,butallowsthemiftheyleadtofreetradebetweentheagreeingcountries.()75.Theinfantindustryargumentviolatestheprincipleofcomparativeadvanta

41、ge()Partl11.ChoosetheONLYonecollectanswerineachquestion.1.AnimportantinsightofinternationaltradetheoryisthatwhencountriesexchangegoxisandservicesonewiththeotheritA.isalwaysbeneficialtobothcountries,B.isusuallybeneficialtobothcountries.C.istypicallybeneficialonlytothelowwagetradepartnercountry.D.isty

42、picallyharmfultothetechnologicallylaggingcountry.E.tendstocreateunemploymentinbothcountries.Answer:B2.Iftherearelargedisparitiesinwagelevelsbetweencountries,thenA.tradeislikelytobeharmfultobothcountries.B.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththehighwages.C.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywith

43、thelowwages.D.tradeislikelytobeharmfultoneithercountry.E.tradeislikelytohavenoeffectoneithercountry.Answer:D3.Cost-benefitanalysisofinternationaltradeA.isbasicallyuseless.B.isempiricallyintractable.C.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestwithincountries.D.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestsbetween

44、countries.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:C4.AprimaryreasonwhynationsconductinternationaltradeisbecauseofdifferencesinA.historicalperspective.B.location.C.resourceavailabilities.D.tastes.E.incomes.Answer:C5.ArgumentsforfreetradearesometimesdisregardedbythepoliticalprocessbecauseA.economiststendtofavorhighly

45、protecteddomesticmarkets.B.economistshaveauniversallyaccepteddecisivepoweroverthepoliticaldecisionmechanism.C.maximizingconsumerwelfaremaynotbeachiefpriorityforpoliticians.D.thegainsoftradeareofparamountconcerntotypicalconsumers.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:C6.Proponentsoffreetradeclaimallofthefollowinga

46、sadvantagesexceptA.relativelyhighwagelevelsforalldomesticworkers.B.awiderselectionofproductsforconsumersC.increasedcompetitionforworldproducers.D.theutilizationofthemostefficientproductionprocesses.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:AInordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleastunitlaborrequirementsA.oneB.twoC.threeA.fourB.fiveAnswer:D7.AcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitD.isproduci