剑桥雅思真题 2.docx

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1、加加CVCmapmakers.TheriveruildsIhUmup,theseawearsthemdown;theiroutlinesarcalwayschanging.ThechangesinChina1sPearlRiverdelta,however,aremoredramaticthanthesenaturalfluctuations.AnislandsixkilometreslongandWithaEtaareaof1248hectaresisbeingcreatedthere.Andthecivilengineersarea$interestedMperformanceasinsp

2、eedandsize.ThiSisabitofthedeltathattheywanttoendure.ThenewislandofChekLaPKok,thesiteofHongKonglsnewairport,isS?3%compeie.ThegiantdumperIrUCkSrumblingacrossitwillhavefinishedIheirjobbyth亡middleofIhiSyearandtheairportitselfwillbebuiltatasimilarlybreakneckpace.AsChekLaPKokrises,however,anotherrewAsiani

3、slandissinkingackintoIhesea.Thisisa52仆-hectareislandbuiltinOsakaHay,Japan,thatservesastheplatformforthenewKansaiairport.ChekLapKokwasbuiltinadifferentway,andthushopestoavoidthesamesinkingfate.TheusualwaytoreclaimlandistopilesandrockonIotheWblXLWhertheseabedoozeswithud1thisisratherlikeplacingatetbook

4、onaWeISPGnge二theweightsqueezesthewatercut1causingbothwaterandspongetosettlelower.Thesettlementisrarelyeven:diftcrcpartssinkatdi11cruirales.Sobuildings、PiPgrsadsandsoQIltendtobuckleandcrack.YoUcanengineeraroundtheseproblems,oryoucanengineerthemout.Kansaitookthefirstapproach;ChekLaPKokistakingthesecon

5、d.Thedifferencesarebothpoliticalandgeological.KatisaiwasupposedtobebuiltjsOnekilometrecfTshore,whereIhUseabedisquitesolid.FishermenroeekandIheSitewasShiftedafurtherfivekilometres.Thalputilindeeperwater(arnund20metres)andaboveaseabedIhatconsoledof20metresofSOnalluvialsiltandmuddeposits.Wcrsefbe1witwa

6、sanct-ve*y-firmglacialdeposithundredsofmetresthick.IheKansaibuildersrecognisedthatsettlementwasinevitable.SandwasdrivenintoIheWatICdtostrengthenitbeforethelandfillwasPiIedonIoptinHnatlempltoslowIheprocess;butthishasnotbeenaseflcriveashadbeenhoped.Tocopewithsettlement,Kansaisgiantterminalissupportedo

7、n900pillars.EaCbofthemcanbeindividuallyjackedup,allowingwedgestobeaddedunderneath.Thatisca11rtokeepthebuildinglevel.HUtitcouldbeatrickytask.ConditionsaredifferentatChekLapKok.Therewassomelandtheretobeginwith,theoriginallittleislandofChekLapKokandasmalleroutcropcalledLamChau.Betweenthem,thesetweoutcr

8、opsofhard.WealhUredZraniiemakeupaquart盯ofIhenewislandssurlacearea,UriforiiiiiaLeIy,betweentheislandsIliereWaSalayerofsoilmud,27metresthickinplaces.AccordingIoFransUiterwijk,aDUIChrnanWhoistheproiecsreclamationdirector,itwouldhavebeenpossibleloleavethismudbelowthereclaimedland,andtodealwidIheresultin

9、gsettlementbytheKansaimethod.ButtheconsortiumthatWpntheconlractfortheislandoptedibramoreaggressiveapproach.IlassembledtheworldslatestfleetOfdredgers,whichsuckedup150mcubicmetresofclayndmudanddumpedilindeeperwaters.AlIhcsametime,sandwasddgedfromthewatersandpiledontopofthelayerofSMTdaythattheInaSSiVed

10、redginghadhidbare.Norwasthesandtheonlythingused.Theorigingraniteislandwhichhadhill$upto120metreshighwasdrilledandblaskdintobouldersnobiggerthantwometresindiameter.Thisprvidcd70mcubicmetrvsQfgranitetoaddtotheislandsfbundatiQnS-BCCinlsCIheheapobouldersdoesnofillthespaceperfectly,thisrepresentstheequiv

11、alentoflSmcubicmetresoflandfill.MostOftherockwillbecomethefoundationsfortheairports11i11waysanditstaxiways.ThCsanddredgedfromthewaterswillalsobeusedtoprovideatwo-metreCaPPinglayeroverthegraniteplatform.ThismakesileasierforutilitiestodigLrenchcs*graniteisunyieldingAiffMostoftheterminalbuildMgSwillbep

12、acodabovetheSitCoftheexistingisland.Onlyalimitedamountofpile-drivingisneededtosupportbuildingfoundationsaboveSOfiCrareas.ThecompletedislandwillbesixtosevenmcrcsaboveSCakvd.Inall,350mCUbiCmetresofmaterialwillhavebeenmoved.Andmuchofit,liketheoverloads,hastbemovedseveraltimesbeS弹reachingit$finalresting

13、place.Fqrexample,therehastobeRmotcrvaycapableOfcarrying150tncdump(cks;andtherehastobearaisedWCafthe15.000c0structionworkers.Thesearetemporary;theywillberemovedwhentheairportisfinished.Theairport,though,isheretostay.Toprotccit,thenewcoastlineisbeingbolsteredwithafrmidabletwelvekiloetresofSeadefences.

14、ThebruntofatyphoonwillbedcHcctedbytheneighbouringislandofLantaui由亡seaWaIlSshouldguardagainsttherest.Gentlerbutmorepersistentbadweather-thedownpoursofthesummermonsoon-isakobeingtakenintoaccount.Amat-likematerialcalledgeotextileisbeingIaidacrosstheislandtoseparatetherockaridSandlayers.ThatwillstopSand

15、paniclesfrombeingwashedintothekvoids,andsocausingfurthersettlementThisislandisbeingbuiltnevertobesunk.Questions 69Complete Zhelahelson Diagram B 方/。例Choose your answersfiom the box below the diagram and write them in boxes 6-9 OnyoItr answersheel.NB Therearemore words/phrases than spaces, soyou will

16、not use them aDIAGRM ACoses-SectionoftheoriginaiareaaroundchckLapKokbcfbreworkbcgatiQuestions75ClassifythefollowingstatementsasapplyingtoAChekLaPKokairportonlyBKansaiairportonlyCBothairportsWritetheappropriatelettersA-Cinboxes5onyouranswersheet.ExampleAnswerbuiltonaman-madeislandC1havinganareaofover

17、1000hectares2builtinariverdelta3builtintheopensea4builtbyreclaimingland5builtusingconventionalmethodsofreclamationDIAGRAMBCross-sectionofthesameareaatthetimetheartic!ewaswrittengranitemudterminalbuildingsitesandrunwaysandtaxiwayswaterstiffclayQuestions10-13Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfr

18、omtheboxbelowtheJtummaryfandwritetheminboxes/673onyorGnswerxheet.N8Therearemetrewordsthanspaces,wJxWwillnfusethemail.AnswerWhenthenewChckLapKokairporthasbeencompleted,theraisedareaandLhC.(Example),.willberemoved.1.motorwayTheislandwillbepartiallyprotectedfromstormsby(10).andalsoby(U),.Furthersettlem

19、entcausedby.(12)willbepreventedbytheUSCof.(13).,constructionworkerscoastlinedump-trucksgeotextilerainfallLantauIslandmotorwayrockand帛androckVOidSseawallstyphoonsREADINGPASSAGE2FohsAohIdspeHdubGHtZOminUtesonQuesMokS/4-27whcharebasedonReadingPctssage2QHthefbUowftijpages.Questions1418Readingpqwre2has.k

20、rparagraphsRFfrom汕已fofheadingbelowChooseiht!woJtttilabieheadingsforpuraraphaB-FfromtheIifitofheadingsbelow.Writetheappropriatenumbers(i-ix)inboxes14-18(?jvwranswersheet.SBTherearemoreheadingsIhanparagraphstsoyouwittnotusethemall.1.istofHeadingsiOttawaInternationalConferenceonHCaIIhPromotionIlHOliSti

21、CapproachIUhealthiiiTheprimaryimportanceofenvironmentalfactorsivHealthylistylesapproachtohealthvChangesinconceptsofhealthinWesternsocietyViPreventionofdiseasesandillnessViiOttawaCharterforHealthPromotionviiiDefinitionofhealthinmedicaltermsixSocie-CcologicalviewOrhealthExampJeAnswerParagraphA*14Parag

22、raphB15ParagraphC16ParagraphD17ParagraphE18ParagraphFChangingourUnderstandingofHealthATheconceptofhealthholdsdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeopleandgroups.Thesemeaningsofhealthhavealsochangedovertime.ThischangeisnomoreevidentthaninWesternsocietytoday,whennotionsofhealthandhealthpromotionarebeingchall

23、engedandexpandedinnewways.BFormuchofrecentWesternhistory,healthhasbeenviewedinthephysicalsenseonly.Thatislgoodhealthhasbeenconnectedtothesmoothmechanicaloperationofthebody,whileillhealthhasbeenattributedtoabreakdowninthismachine.Healthinthissensehasbeendefinedastheabsenceofdiseaseorillnessandisseeni

24、nmedicalterms.Accordingtothi$view,creatinghealthforpeoplemeansprovidingmedicalcaretotreatorpreventdiseaseandillness.Duringthisperiod,therewasanemphasisonprovidingcleanwater,improvedsanitationandhousing.CInthelate1940stheWorldHealthOrganisationchallengedthisphysicallyandmedicallyorientedviewofhealth.

25、TheystatedthathealthisacompleteStateofphysical,mentalandsocialwell-beingandisnotmerelytheabsenceofdisease1(WHO,1946).Healthandthepersonwereseenmoreholistically(mind/body/spirit)andnotjustinphysicalterms.DThe1970swasatimeOffocusingonthepreventionQfdiSeaSeandillnessbyemphasisingtheimportanceofthelifes

26、tyleandbehaviouroftheindividual.Specificbehaviourswhichwereseentoincreaseriskofdisease,suchassmoking,lackoffitnessandunhealthyeatinghabits,weretargetedCreatinghealthmeantprovidingnotonlymedicalhealthcare,buthealthpromotionPrograESandpolicieswhichwouldhelppeoplemaintainhealthybehavioursandlifestyles.

27、Whilethisindividualistichealthylifestylesapproachtohealthworkedforsome(tewealthymembersofsociety)1peopleexperiencingpoverty,unemployment,underemploymentorlittlecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirdailylivesbenefitedlittlefromthisapproach.Thiswaslargelybecauseboththehealthylifestylesapproachandthemedicala

28、pproachtohealthlargelyignoredthesocialandenvironmentalconditionsaffectingthehealthofpeople.EDuring1980sand1990stherehasbeenagrowingswingawayfromseeinglifestylerisksastherootcauseofpoorhealth.Whilelifestylefactorsstillremainimportant,healthisbeingviewedalsointermsofthesocial,economicAndenvironmentalc

29、ontextsinwhichpeoplelive.ThisbroadapproachtohealthisCalIedthesocio-ecologcalviewofhealth.Thebroadsocio-ecologicalviewofhealthwasendorsedatthefirstInternationalConferenceofHealthPromotionheldin19861Ottawa1Canada,wherepeoplefrom38countriesagreedanddeclaredthat:Thefundamentalconditionsandresourcesforhe

30、altharepeace,shelter,education,food,aviableincome,astableeco-systemlsustainableresources,socialjusticeandequity.Improvementinhealthrequiresasecurefoundationinthesebasicrequirements.(WHO.1986)ItiSCtearfromthisstatementthatthecreationofhealthisaboutmuchmorethanencouraginghealthyindividualbehavioursandlifestylesandprovidingappropriatemedicalcare.Therefore,thecreationofhealthmustincludeaddressingissuessuchaspoverty,pollution,urbanisation,naturalresou