剑桥雅思真题2.docx

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1、加加CVCmapmakers.TheriveruildsIhUmup,theseawearsthemdown;theiroutlinesarcalwayschanging.ThechangesinChinaisPearlRiverdelta,however,arcmoredramaticthanthesenaturalfluctuations.AnislandsixkilometresIOngandWithaEtaareaof1248hectaresisbeingcreatedthere.Andthecivilengineersareasinterestedinperformanceasins

2、peedandsize.ThiSisabitofthedeltathattheywanttoendure.ThenewislandofChekLaPKok,thesiteofHongKonglsnewairport,isS?3%compeie.ThegiantdumpertrucksrumblingacrossitwillhavefinishedIheirjobbyth亡middleOrIhiSyearandtheairportitselfwillbebuiltatasimilarlybreakneckpace.AsChekLaPKokrises,however,anothernewAsian

3、islandissinkingbackintothesea.Thisisa52仆-hectareislandbuiltinOsakaHay,Japan,thatservesastheplatformforthenewKansaiairport.ChekLapKokwasbuiltinadifferentway,andthushopestoavoidthesamesinkingfate.TheusualwaytoreclaimlandistopilesandrockonIotheWblXLWhertheseabedoozeswithud1thisisratherlikeplacingatetbo

4、okonaWeISPGnge二theweightsqueezesthewateroutcausingbothwaterandspongetosettlelower.TheSCttlcmcritisrarelyeven:diftcrcpartssinkatdi11crirates.Sobuildings,PiPgroadsandsoontend10buckleandcrack.YOUcanengineeraroundtheseproblems,oryoucanengineerthemout.Kansaitookthefirstapproach;ChekLaPKokistakingthesecon

5、d.Thedifferencesarebothpoliticalandgeological.KatisaiwassupposedtobebuiltjsOnekilometrecfTshore,whereIhUseabedi6quitesolid.Fishermenroee,capableofcarrying150-toncdumplcks;andtherehastobearaisedWCafthe15.000c0structionworkers.Thesearetemporary;theywillberemovedwhentheairportisfinished.Theairport,thou

6、gh,isheretostay.Toprotectit,thenewcoasticisbeingbolsteredwthaformidabletwelvekilotetresofSeadefences.ThebruntofatyphoonwillbedeflectedbytheneighbouringislandofLantauilh*seaWaIlSshouldguardagainsttherest.Gentlerbutmorepersistentbadweather-thedownpoursofthesummermonsoon-isahobeingtakenintoaccount.Amat

7、-likematerialcalledgeotextileisbeingIaidacrosstheislandtoseparatetherockaridSandlayers.Thatwillstopsandpaniclesfrombeingwashedintothekvoids,andsocausingfurtherSetlIementThisislandisbeingbuiltnevertobesunk.Questions75Questions69Classify Ihefdllowing statements as applying ioA Chek Lap Kok airport onl

8、yB Kansai airport onlyC Both airportsWrite the appropriate letters AC in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Exanipl built on a man-made islandAnswerCDIAGRAM ACoses-SectionoftheoriginaiareaaroundchckLapKokbcfbreworkbcgati1 having an area of over 1000 hectares2 built in a river delta3built in the open sea

9、4built by reclaiming land5 built using conventional methods of reclamationDIAGRAM BCross-section of the same area at the time theartic!e my/s writtengranitemudterminal building sitesandrunways and taxiways waterstiff clayCompleteZhelahelsonDiagramB方/。例Chooseyouranswersfiomtheboxbelowthediagramandwri

10、tetheminboxes6-9OnyoItranswersheel.NBTherearemorewords/phrasesthanspaces,soyouwillnotusethemall.Completethesummarybelow.ChooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowtheJtummaryfandwritetheminboxes/673anyorGnswerxheet.N8Therearemetrewordsthanspaces,wJxWwillnfusethemail.AnswerWhenthenewChckLapKokairporthasbeencomp

11、leted,theraisedareaandLhC.(Example),.willberemoved.1.motorwajrTheislandwillbepartiallyprotectedfromstormsby(IO).andalsoby(U),.Furthersettlementcausedby.(12)willbepreventedbytheUSCof.(13).,constructionworkerscoastlinedump-trucksgeotextilerainfallLantauIslandmotorwayrockand帛androckVOidSseawallstyphoon

12、sREADINGPASSAGE2Yonsfiotildspendabout20minuesottQuesrions/4-27wlticharebasedonReadingPassage2QHthefbUowftijpages.Questions1418Readingpqwre2has.krparagraphsRFfrom汕已ti$It)fheadingsbelowChooseiht!woJtttilabieheadingsforpuraraphaB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writetheappropriatenumbers(i-ix)inboxes14-18(

13、?jvwranswersheet.SBTherearemoreheadingsIhanparagraphstsoyouw/notusethemall.1.istofHeadingsiOttawaInternationalConferenceonHCaIIhPromotionIlHQliStiCapproachIUhealthIilTheprimaryimportanceOfenvironmentalfactorsivHealthylistylesapproachtohealthvChangesinconceptsofhealthinWesternsocietyviPreventionofdis

14、easesandillnessviiOttawaCharterforHealthPromotionviiiDeflnitionofhealthinmedicaltermsixSocie-CcologicalviewOrhealthExampJeAnswerParagraphA*14ParagraphB15ParagraphC16ParagraphD17ParagraphE18ParagraphFChangingourUnderstandingofHealthATheconceptofhealthholdsdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeopleandgroups.

15、Thesemeaningsofhealthhavealsochangedovertime.ThischangeisnomoreevidentthaninWesternsocietytoday,whennotionsofhealthandhealthpromotionarebeingchallengedandexpandedinnewways.BFormuchofrecentWesternhistory,healthhasbeenviewedinthephysicalsenseonly.Thatislgoodhealthhasbeenconnectedtothesmoothmechanicalo

16、perationofthebody,whileillhealthhasbeenattributedtoabreakdowninthismachine.Healthinthissensehasbeendefinedastheabsenceofdiseaseorillnessandisseeninmedicalterms.Accordingtothi$view,creatinghealthforpeoplemeansprovidingmedicalcaretotreatorpreventdiseaseandillness.Duringthisperiod,therewasanemphasisonp

17、rovidingcleanwater,improvedsanitationandhousing.CInthelate1940stheWorldHealthOrganisationchallengedthisphysicallyandmedicallyorientedviewofhnelth.TheystatedthathealthisacompletestateofPhySiCaLmentalandsocialwell-beingandisnotmerelytheabsenceofdisease1(WHO,1946).Healthandthepersonwereseenmoreholistic

18、ally(mind/body/spirit)andnotjustinphysicalterms.DThe1970swasatimeOffocusingonthepreventionQfdiSeaSeandillnessbyemphasisingtheimportanceofthelifestyleandbehaviouroftheindividual.Specificbehaviourswhichwereseentoincreaseriskofdisease,suchassmoking,lackoffitnessandunhealthyeatinghabits,weretargetedCrea

19、tinghealthmeantprovidingnotonlymedicalhealthcare,buthealthpromotionPrograESandpolicieswhichwouldhelppeoplemaintainhealthybehavioursandlifestyles.Whilethisindividualistichealthylifestylesapproachtohealthworkedforsome(tewealthymembersofsociety)1peopleexperiencingpoverty,unemployment,underemploymentorl

20、ittlecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirdailylivesbenefitedlittlefromthisapproach.Thiswaslargelybecauseboththehealthylifestylesapproachandthemedicalapproachtohealthlargelyignoredthesocialandenvironmentalconditionsaffectingthehealthofpeople.EDuring1980sand1990stherehasbeenagrowingswingawayfromseeinglifes

21、tylerisksastherootcauseofpoorhealth.Whilelifestylefactorsstillremainimportant,healthisbeingviewedalsointermsofthesocial,economicAndenvironmentalcontextsinwhichpeoplelive.ThisbrcadapproachtohealthisCalledthesocio-ecologcalviewofhealth.Thebroadsocic-ecologicalviewofhealthwasendorsedatthefirstInternati

22、onalConferenceofHealthPromotionheldin19861Ottawa1Canada,wherepeoplefrom38countriesagreedanddeclaredthat:Thefundamentalconditionsandresourcesforhealtharepeace,shelter,education,food,aviableincome,astableeco-systemlsustainableresources,socialjusticeandequity.Improvementinhealthrequiresasecurefoundationinthesebasicrequirements.(WHO.1986)ItiSCtearfromthisstatementthatthecreationofhealthisaboutmuchmorethanencouraginghealthyindividualbehavioursandlifestylesandprovidingappropriatemedicalcare.Therefore,thecreationofhealthmustincludeaddressingissuessuchaspoverty,pollution,urbanisation,naturalr