Chronic Cough2.ppt

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1、Chronic CoughA Practical Approach,Definition,Cough lasting more than 8 weeks in a nonsmoking,immunocompetent patient who has a normal chest radiograph,is not receiving therapy with an ACE inhibitor,and has not been exposed to an environmental irritant.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Fo

2、rce.ERS Journal;24:553-566Chronic Cough Practical Consideration.CHEST 1998;1213:639-660Textbook of Respiratory Disease.Murray-Nadel.Chapter 24.,Chronic Cough,Fifth most common symptom for which outpatient care is sought.24,263,000 visits in the US in 1991Prevalence among non-smoking:14 to 23%38%outp

3、atient pulmonary practiceCost exceeds$1 billion dollarsACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005Chronic Cough Practical Consideration.CHEST 1998;1213:639-660Pathogenic Triad in Chronic Cough.CHEST 1999;116:279-284,The Cough Reflex,Complications,Intrathoracic pres

4、sures of up to 300mmHGExpiratory velocity:500 miles/hrTextbook of Respiratory Disease.Murray-Nadel.Chapter 24.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181,Complications,Most common complaints:Something is wrong:98%Exhaustion:57%Feeling self-conscious:55%Insomnia:45%Life style change:45%Musculoskeletal pain

5、:45%Hoarseness:45%Urinary incontinence:39%Textbook of Respiratory Disease.Murray-Nadel.Chapter 24.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181,Complications,Lost of consciousnessBrady and tachyarrhytmiasSyncopeCerebral embolismSeizuresStroke due to vertebral arteries dissection.Evaluation of chronic cough.

6、UPTODATE 2005,Complications,GERDSplenic ruptureInguinal herniaIncrease CPKPulmonary&subcutaneous emphysemaPneumothoraxLung herniationEvaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Etiologies,Postnasal dripAsthmaGERDEosinophilic bronchitisChronic bronchitisBronchiectasisACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-1

7、81ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Chronic Cough Practical Consideration.CHEST 1998;1213:639-660Pathogenic Triad in Chronic Cough.CHEST 1999;116:279-284,Etiologies,Postinfectious coughBronchogenic carcinomaACE inhibitorsVocal cord dysfunctionSingle cause:38 to 82%Multiple cause:18 to 62%ACCP con

8、sensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Chronic Cough Practical Consideration.CHEST 1998;1213:639-660Pathogenic Triad in Chronic Cough.CHEST 1999;116:279-284Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Grading of Evidence,I-Properly randomized controlled trialsII-Well-designed

9、 control trials.No randomization.II-2 Prospective observationalII-3 Retrospective observationalIII-Experts opinion,clinical experience,descriptive studiesACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181,Postnasal Drip(PNDS),Single most common causePrevalence:8 to 87%PathogenesisMechanical stimulation of the af

10、ferent limb in the upper airwaysACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Pathogenic Triad in Chronic Cough.CHEST 1999;116:279-284Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Postnasal Drip,Clinical PresentationDripping sensationTickle in the throatNasal congestionMucus

11、in the oropharynxCobblestone appearance of oropharynxACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Pathogenic Triad in Chronic Cough.CHEST 1999;116:279-284Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Diagnosis,Symptoms and signs are nonspecific4 views sinus radiographs:Timin

12、g and use not fully definedProductive cough,purulent nasal discharge,failure of empiric therapy for chronic rhinitis.(grade II-2)Chronic cough 116:279-284Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Diagnosis,Important information:Preceding URTILegal or illegal nasal drugsEnvironmental historyResponse

13、to specific therapy 116:279-284Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Therapy,Allergic Rhinitis:Environmental controlNasal steroidsFirst line of treatmentConsider other therapies as possible alternatives.Consider saline sprays to facilitate cleaningNonsedating antihistaminesCromolyn ACCP consensu

14、s.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Management of allergic rhinitis.Uptodate.2005,Therapy,Nasal decongestant not recommendedLeukotriene inhibitorsNasal congestion and LTC4 levelsLess effective than intranasal steroidsPatients experiencing epistaxis with nasal sprays.Allergen

15、 immunotherapyACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Management of allergic rhinitis.Uptodate.2005,Therapy,Perennial Non-Allergic RhinitisOften difficult to control with traditional therapyIntranasal steroidsTopical antihistamines with or without oral medications.O

16、lder generation antihistaminesACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Therapy,Vasomotor RhinitisIpatropium bromideStudies are limited to few patients prospective study.SinusitisAcute:Antibiotics for 10 days intranasal steroi

17、ds.Chronic:Antibiotics for 3 weeks,nasal decongestants for 3 days,oral antihistamines/decongestant.Intranasal steroids for 3 months after cough disappears.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Management of allergic rhinitis.Uptodate.2005,Cough-Variant Asthma,Pres

18、ence of cough as the only symptom of asthma in patients with demonstrable airway hyperresponsiveness.PrevalenceDifficult to estimate24 to 59%ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566The Journal of Respiratory Disease;25;310-315Which investigation are most useful in t

19、he diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,Cough-Variant Asthma,DiagnosisClinical diagnosisSuggested by the presence of:Episodic symptomsExposure to cold,dry air,fumes:PPV 56%Presence of reversibilityFalse positive in 33%PEF monitoringFamily historyBronchoprovocation testACCP consensus.CHEST 19

20、98;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566The Journal of Respiratory Disease;25;310-315Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,Cough-Variant Asthma,GERD,Vagally mediated esophageal-tracheal-bronchial reflex.Pathogenesis:Transient lower esophag

21、eal sphincter relaxation(TLESR)Chronic absence of LES pressureCough:Stimulation of TLESR or swallow-induced LES relaxation.Non-acid refluxate Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in

22、the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Prevalence:21%cause of chronic cough10 to 20%associated respiratory symptoms.6 to 10%prominent GI symptoms75%cough as the only manifestation805 of asthmatic with positive 24hr esophageal pH monitoring.Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684

23、ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Clinical Presentation:Macroaspiration:1 to 4 ml/Kg or 25ml in adultsCough,wheeze,purulent sputum,dyspnea,chest pain,night sweats.Micr

24、oapiration:10ml.GI symptoms may predate coughLaryngeal symptoms:Dysphonia,hoarseness,sore throat,vocal cord inflammation.BronchoconstrictionEsophageal dysmotility:Dysphagia,choking while eating,prominent GI symptoms.Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ER

25、S Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,DiagnosisEmpirical antireflux therapy4 to 6 weeks of PPIs considered practical and cost effective.24hr esophageal monitoringTypical GI symptoms96%sensitivity and specificit

26、y(grade II-2)Cough onlyPPV 89 to 100%and NPV 100%Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684GERD.Experience with specific therapy and diagnosis.CHEST 2003;1123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of c

27、hronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Therapy:Histamine type-2 blockersMost widely studiedNo longer standard of careAntireflux measures and/or prokinetic agentsResolution in 70 to 100%Mean time for recovery:161 to 179 days(grade II-2)Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684GERD.Experience with sp

28、ecific therapy and diagnosis.CHEST 2003;1123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Therapy:Prokinetic agentsBethanecol,cisapride and metoclopramideEsophageal motili

29、ty disordersIncrease LES toneFacilitates gastric emptyingOne study found no evidence of delayed gastric emptying.Side effects:Cholinergic,bronchospasm,arrythmiaChronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684GERD.Experience with specific therapy and diagnosis.CHEST 2003;1123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST

30、 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Therapy:Proton pump inhibitorsBest diagnostic and therapeutic approachResponse to once a day dose in 1 to 12 weeks40mg omeprazole or 30mg lansoprazole be

31、fore breakfastFailure only after 12 weeksOmeprazole 40mg bidChronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;123:679-684GERD.Experience with specific therapy and diagnosis.CHEST 2003;1123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the dia

32、gnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,Therapy:Antireflux measuresNot addressed by clinical trialsWeight reductionLow-fat dietElevation of the head of the beadNo meals or drink 3 hrs before lying downAvoid coffee,cola,tea,mint,chocolate,citrus,onion,alcohol.Chronic Cough and GERD.CHEST 2003;

33、123:679-684GERD.Experience with specific therapy and diagnosis.CHEST 2003;1123:679-684ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Which investigation are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough.THORAX 59;342-346,GERD,TherapyAntireflux surgery:Treatment failureInad

34、equate acid suppressionNon-acid refluxateWork up for other conditionsGI evaluationClinical improvement:45 to 84%,f/up periods of 3 to 18 months.Systematic review of 24 cases series and uncontrolled trialsImprove in asthma symptoms and medication requirements.No pulmonary function test.ACCP consensus

35、.CHEST 1998;114:133-181Effects of antrelux surgery in asthamatics.CHEST 1998;3:477Surgical management of GERD.UPTODATE.2005Refractory GERD.UPTODATE.2005,ACE Inhibitors,All ACEIs in clinical use(grade II-2)Frequency:0.2 to 33%Not dose relatedCough is non-productive.Tickling sensation in the throatApp

36、ears within hours,weeks,monthsResolution;1 day to weeks.Median 26 days(grade I).ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,ACE Inhibitors,ACE-InhibitorsPathogenesisUnknownBradykininSubstance PProstaglandinIncrease cough reflex

37、sensitivityDoes not results in pulmonary dysfunctionACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,ACE Inhibitors,DiagnosisConsidered in patients with coughConfirmed when cough disappearsAngiotensin receptors antagonistACCP consens

38、us.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Postinfectious Cough,After a respiratory tract infection,associate with a normal chest radiograph,eventually resolves on its own.Frequency:11 to 25%C.trachomatis,mycoplasma.B.pertussiPathogenesis:

39、Airway inflammation with or without airway hyperresponsivenessPNDSACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic cough.UPTODATE 2005,Postinfectious Cough,DiagnosisClinical and one of exclusionB.pertussiDifferent presentationSOB,tingling sensation in t

40、he throatCough;Spasmodic,absent whoopLast 4 to 6 weeksSerum acute IGA antibody ELISA Immunofluorescent visualization and/or nasopharyngeal culture.Usually negative in adults.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181,Therapy,AntibioticMacrolides,doxy:Chlamydia,mycoplasma2 weeks of azithro,erythr,TMP/SMX:

41、PertussisInhaled ipatropium(grade I)Decrease efferent limb of the cough reflexDecrease stimulation of cough receptorsPrednisone burst for 2 to 2 weeks in severe cough(grade II-3)Inhaled steroids(grade III)ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566Evaluation of chronic

42、 cough.UPTODATE 2005,Diagnostic Protocol,Diagnostic Protocol,Final diagnosis can be reach 90%Cost-effective7 prospective and 4 retrospective studies.Successful achieved in 84 to 98%ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566,Diagnostic Protocol,Limitation of a positive

43、 testHas not been able to consistently predict a good response to specific therapyNot diagnostic unless favorable response No systematic approach has been validated in immunocompromised patients.ACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181ERS Task Force.ERS Journal;24:553-566,Pharmacologic therapy,Antituss

44、ive therapyWhen cough performs no useful functionSpecific:Directed at the etiologySmoking in chronic bronchitisPNDS in allergic rhinitisNonspecific:Directed at the symptomUse only when specific therapy cannot be given,has not had a chance to work or will not work(grade II-2)CodeineDextromethorphanIpatropium bromideACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181Treatment of chronic cough.UPTODATE.2005,Pharmacologic therapy,Protrussive therapyWhen cough performs a useful functionCF,post-op atelectasis,pneumonia,bronchiectasisGuaifenesinChest physiotherapyACCP consensus.CHEST 1998;114:133-181,