2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Information 2.docx

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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEMatchingInformationPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.Themostfamousofth

2、eseadventurersareChristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragon

3、andIsabellaofCastilein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandand

4、Isabellawerenowreadytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonot

5、hermarinersjourneys,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfir

6、st-rebuffedhim;theirnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePin

7、ta,andtheSantaMaria.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhath

8、ewouldencounterashesailedwest.HebelievedtheearthtobemuchSmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).Bel

9、ievinghehadlandedintheEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“Indian”foranynativepeopleoftheNewWorld.UponColumbus/sreturntoSpain,theSpanishcrownbestowedonhimthetitleofAdmiraloftheOceanSeaandnamedhimgovernorandviceroyofthelandshehaddiscovered.E-Columbus,s1493l

10、etterorprobanzademerito(proofofmerit)describinghis“discoveryofaNewWorlddidmuchtoinspireexcitementinEurope.ProbanzasdemeritoswerereportsandlettersQD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching InformationwrittenbySpaniardsintheNewWorldtotheSpanishcrown,designedtowinroyalpatronage.Todaytheyhighlightthedifficulttaskofhisto

11、ricalwork;whilethelettersareprimarysources,historiansneedtounderstandthecontextandthecultureinwhichtheconquistadors,astheSpanishadventurerscametobecalled,wrotethemanddistinguishtheirbiasandsubjectivenature.Whiletheyarefilledwithdistortionsandfabrications,probanzasdemeritosarestillusefulinillustratin

12、gtheexpectationofwealthamongtheexplorersaswellastheirviewthatnativepeopleswouldnotposeaseriousobstacletocolonization.F-In1493,ColumbussenttwocopiesofaprobanzademeritototheSpanishkingandqueenandtheirministeroffinance,LuisdeSantangel.SantangelhadsupportedColumbussvoyage,helpinghimtoobtainfundingfromFe

13、rdinandandIsabella.CopiesoftheletterweresooncirculatingalloverEurope,spreadingnewsofthewondrousnewlandthatColumbushad“discovered.Columbuswouldmakethreemorevoyagesoverthenextdecade,establishingSpain/sfirstsettlementintheNewWorldontheislandofHispaniola.ManyotherEuropeansfollowedinColumbus/sfootsteps,d

14、rawnbydreamsofwinningwealthbysailingwest.AnotherItalian,AmerigoVespuccizsailingforthePortuguesecrown,exploredtheSouthAmericancoastlinebetween1499and1502.UnlikeColumbus,herealizedthattheAmericaswerenotpartofAsiabutlandsunknowntoEuropeans.Vespucci/swidelypublishedaccountsofhisvoyagesfueledspeculationa

15、ndintenseinterestintheNewWorldamongEuropeans.AmongthosewhoreadVespuccisreportswastheGermanmapmakerMartinWaldseemuller.Usingtheexplorersfirstnameasalabelforthenewlandmass,WaldseemullerattachedAmerica“tohismapoftheNewWorldin1507zandthenamestuck.Source:https:C)PenStaX.orabooksus-historvDacIeS/2-1-PortU

16、qUeSe-exploration-and-spcmish-conquestQuestions32-36Passage3hassixparagraphslabelledA-F.Whichparagraphscontainthefollowinginformation?32. WhyFerdinandandIsabellaatfirstrefusedtofundColumbussexpedition33. HowSpainsimperialistambitionsbegan34. ThedifficultyofanalysingtheletterswrittentotheSpanishkingandqueen35. Columbus,sfirstdiscoveries36. ThenumberOfjourneysundertakenbyColumbustotheNewWorld