2024剑桥雅思讲义Short_Answer_Practice_Questions_1_.docx

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1、Answerthequestionsbelow.WriteNOMORETHAN3WORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.1 Alongwitharound8carbonatoms,howmanyhydrogenatomsareneededtoresultinoil?2 Howmanygallonsofoilarestillinthegroundwaitingtobeaccessed?3 Whathasoilbeenplayingareducedroleinduringthelast25years?4 Whatpercentageoftheglobalenergysupp

2、lyisoilcurrentlyresponsiblefor?5 InwhatyeardidAmericanslikelyconsumethemostgasoline?6 Inthe1920s,whatdidtheworldexperience?7 Alongwithnuclearenergy,whatotherenergysourcehasbeenreplacingoilduringthelastfewdecades?8 Whathastheworldbeensystematicallydoingtoitsenergysysteminthelast200years?9 Whatkindsof

3、energyresourcesareexpectedtoberesponsibleforupto30%ofenergysuppliesbythemiddleofthiscentury?10 Intheend,alongwithideasandinnovations,whatwillendtheageofoilbeforeitisevendepleted?AnswerKey:1. 20/twenty2. 100trillion/onehundredtrillion3. globalenergysystems4. 35percent/35%thirty-fivepercent5. 20076. p

4、eakcoal7. naturalgas8. decarbonizing/decarbonising9. renewable(s)10. technologyLinktovideotutorial:https:Share.oetcloudaDP.com/WnuG2LPvTranSCriPtSource:https:WWWForthenextfewminutesweregoingtotalkaboutenergy,andit,sgoingtobeabitofavariedtalk.lltrytospinastoryaboutenergy,andoilsaconvenientstartingpla

5、ce.Thetalkwillbebroadlyaboutenergy,butoilsagoodplacetostart.Andoneofthereasonsisthisisremarkablestuff.Youtakeabouteightorsocarbonatoms,about20hydrogenatoms,youputthemtogetherinexactlytherightwayandyougetthismarvelousliquid:veryenergy-denseandveryeasytorefineintoanumberofveryusefulproductsandfuels.It

6、sgreatstuff.Now,asfarasitgoes,theresalotofoiloutthereintheworld.Heresmylittlepocketmapofwhereit,salllocated.Abiggeroneforyoutolookat.Butthisisit,thisistheoilintheworld.Geologistshaveaprettygoodideaofwheretheoilis.Thisisabout100trilliongallonsofcrudeoilstilltobedevelopedandproducedintheworldtoday.Now

7、,thatsjustonestoryaboutoil,andwecouldenditthereandsay,Well,oilsgoingtolastforeverbecause,well,theresjustalotofit.Buttheresactuallymoretothestorythanthat.Oh,bytheway,ifyouthinkyoureveryfarfromsomeofthisoil,1000metersbelowwhereyoureallsittingisoneofthelargestproducingoilfieldsintheworld.Cometalktomeab

8、outit,llfillinsomeofthedetailsifyouwant.So,thatsoneofthestoriesofoil;theresjustalotofit.Butwhataboutoil?Whereisitintheenergysystem?Heresalittlesnapshotof150yearsofoil,anditsbeenadominantpartofourenergysystemformostofthose150years.Now,here,sanotherlittlesecretmgoingtotellyouabout:Forthelast25years,oi

9、lhasbeenplayinglessandlessofaroleinglobalenergysystems.Therewasonekindofpeakoilin1985,whenoilrepresented50percentofglobalenergysupply.Now,it,sabout35percent.ItsbeendecliningandIbelieveitwillcontinuetodecline.GasolineconsumptionintheU.S.probablypeakedin2007andisdeclining.So,oilisplayingalesssignifica

10、ntroleeveryyear.Andso,25yearsago,therewasapeakoil;justlike,inthe1920s,therewasapeakcoal;andahundredyearsbeforethat,therewasapeakwood.Thisisaveryimportantpictureoftheevolutionofenergysystems.Andwhatsbeentakinguptheslackinthelastfewdecades?Well,alotofnaturalgasandalittlebitofnuclear,forstarters.Andwha

11、tgoesoninthefuture?Well,Ithinkoutaheadofusafewdecadesispeakgas,andbeyondthat,peakrenewables.Now,lltellyouanotherlittle,veryimportantstoryaboutthispicture.Now,mnotpretendingthatenergyuseintotalisntincreasing,itis-thatsanotherpartofthestory.Cometalktomeaboutit,wellfillinsomeofthedetails-butthere,saver

12、yimportantmessagehere:Thisis200yearsofhistory,andfor200yearswevebeensystematicallydecarbonizingourenergysystem.Energysystemsoftheworldbecomingprogressively-yearonyear,decadeondecade,centuryoncentury-becominglesscarbonintense.Andthatcontinuesintothefuturewiththerenewablesthatweredevelopingtoday,reach

13、ingmaybe30percentofprimaryenergybymid-century.Nowthatmightbetheendofthestory-Okay,wejustreplaceitallwithconventionalrenewables-butIthink,actually,theresmoretothestorythanthat.Andtotellthenextpartofthestory-andthisislookingoutsay2100andbeyond.Whatisthefutureoftrulysustainable,carbon-freeenergy?Well,w

14、ehavetotakealittleexcursion,andwellstartincentralTexas.Heresapieceoflimestone.IpickeditupoutsideofMarbleFalls,Texas.Itsabout400millionyearsold.Anditsjustlimestone,nothingreallyspecialaboutit.Now,heresapieceofchalk.IpickedthisupatMIT.Itsalittleyounger.Anditsdifferentthanthislimestone,youcanseethat.Yo

15、uwouldntbuildabuildingoutofthisstuff,andyouwouldnttrytogivealectureandwriteonthechalkboardwiththis.Yeah,itsverydifferent-no,itsnotdifferent.Itsnotdifferent,itsthesamestuff:calciumcarbonate,calciumcarbonate.Whafsdifferentishowthemoleculesareputtogether.Now,ifyouthinkthatskindofneat,thestorygetsreally

16、neatrightnow.OffthecoastofCaliforniacomesthis:IVsanabaloneshell.Now,millionsofabaloneeveryyearmakethisshell.Oh,bytheway,justincaseyouwerentalreadyguessing,itscalciumcarbonate.Itsthesamestuffasthisandthesamestuffasthis.Butitsnotthesamestuff;it,sdifferent.Ifsthousandsoftimes,maybe3,000timestougherthan

17、this.Andwhy?Becausethelowlyabaloneisabletolaydownthecalciumcarbonatecrystalsinlayers,makingthisbeautiful,iridescentmotherofpearl.Veryspecializedmaterialthattheabaloneself-assembles,millionsofabalone,allthetime,everyday,everyyear.Thisisprettyincrediblestuff.Allthesame,whatsdifferent?Howthemoleculesar

18、eputtogether.Now,whatdoesthishavetodowithenergy?Heresapieceofcoal.Andllsuggestthatthiscoalisaboutasexcitingasthischalk.Now,whetherweretalkingaboutfuelsorenergycarriers,orperhapsnovelmaterialsforbatteriesorfuelcells,naturehasnteverbuiltthoseperfectmaterialsyetbecausenaturedidntneedto.Naturedidntneedt

19、obecause,unliketheabaloneshell,thesurvivalofaspeciesdidntdependonbuildingthosematerials,untilmaybenowwhenitmightjustmatter.So,whenwethinkaboutthefutureofenergy,imaginewhatwoulditbelikeifinsteadofthis,wecouldbuildtheenergyequivalentofthisjustbyrearrangingthemoleculesdifferently.Andsothatismystory.The

20、oilwillneverrunout.Itsnotbecausewehavealotofit.Itsnotbecauseweregoingtobuildabajillionwindmills.Itsbecause,well,thousandsofyearsago,peopleinventedideas-theyhadideas,innovations,technology-andtheStoneAgeended,notbecauseweranoutofstones.Itsideas,itsinnovation,itstechnologythatwillendtheageofoil,longbeforewerunoutofoil.Thankyouverymuch.