2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_4.docx

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1、PaSSage1UsingthesuntopurifywaterThefollowingarticledetailstwomethodsofwaterpurificationbymeansofthesun.Solarwaterdisinfection,alsoknownasSODIS,isamethodOfdisinfectingwaterusingonlysunlightandplasticPETbottles.SODISisafreeandeffectivemethodfordecentralizedwatertreatment,usuallyappliedatthehouseholdle

2、velandisrecommendedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationasaviablemethodforhouseholdwatertreatmentandsafestorage.SODISisalreadyappliedinnumerousdevelopingcountries.Exposuretosunlightusingthisprocesshasbeenshowntodeactivatediarrhoea-causingorganismsinpolluteddrinkingwater.ForSODISzcolourless,transparentPETwate

3、rorpopbottles(2litreorsmallersize)withfewsurfacescratchesarechosenforuse.Thelabelsareremovedandthebottlesarewashedbeforethefirstuse.Waterfromcontaminatedsourcesispouredintothebottles,and,toimproveoxygensaturation,thebottlesarefilledtothethree-quartermark,shakenfor20seconds(withthecapon),thenfilledco

4、mpletelyandrecapped.Verycloudywaterwithaturbidityhigherthan30NTUmustbefilteredpriortoexposuretothesunlight.Thefilledbottlesarethenexposedtothesun.Thebottlesheatfasterandtohighertemperaturesiftheyareplacedonaslopedsun-facingcorrugatedmetalroofascomparedtothatchedroofs.Thetreatedwatercanbeconsumeddire

5、ctlyfromthebottleorpouredintocleandrinkingcups.Theriskofre-contaminationisminimizedifthewaterisstoredinthebottleszandrefillingandstorageinothercontainersincreasestheriskofcontamination.Thesecondmethodistouseasolarstill.AsolarstillisasimplewayofdistillingWaterZusingtheheatofthesuntodriveevaporationfr

6、omhumidsoil,andambientairtocoolacondenserfilm.Twobasictypesofsolarstillsareboxandpitstills.Inapitsolarstill,apitisduginthegroundandapieceoftransparentplasticissuspendedbetweenlargerockslocatedontheupperedgesofthepit.Asmallweightisplacedontopoftheplasticsheetinthemiddlesoastoweighthesheetdown.Aburied

7、cupispositionedimmediatelybelowthisweight,beneaththeplastic,atthelowestpointofthepit,andatuberunsfromtheburiedcupbackuptothegroundsurfacesothatwatercanberemovedafterwards.Thewayitworksisthatimpurewaterinthehumidsoiloutsidetheburiedcupisevaporatedbysunlightshiningthroughclearplastic.Thepurewatervapou

8、rcondensesonthecoolinsideplasticsurfaceanddripsdownfromtheweightedlowpoint,whereitcollectsintheburiedcupandisthenremovedusingthetube.Thebasicprinciplesofsolarwaterdistillationaresimpleyeteffective,asdistillationreplicatesthewaynaturemakesrain.Thesunsenergyheatswatertothepointofevaporation.Asthewater

9、evaporates,watervaporrises,condensingontheplasticsurfaceforcollection.Thisprocessremovesimpuritiessuchassaltsandheavymetalsaswellaseliminatingmicrobiologicalorganisms.Theendresultiswatercleanerthanthepurestrainwater.Solarstillsareusedincaseswhererain,piped,orwellwaterisimpractical,suchasinremotehome

10、sorduringpoweroutages.InFloridaandotherhurricanetargetareasthatfrequentlylosepowerforafewdays,solardistillationcanprovideanalternatesourceofcleanwater.Solarstillsareoccasionallyusedonalongertermbasisindevelopingworldsettings.However;dependingonenvironmentalconditions,theyusuallyproducearelativelysma

11、llamountofwater;andevenlesswherethesourceissalineorbrackish.Ifthesourceisinadequate,acompromisemethodistomixthedistilledwaterwiththebrackishorsalinewaterpurifiedwithothermethodsasthisgivesamoreadequatequantityandre-introducestheothersourcecontaminants,whilestillloweringthesalinity,andimprovingthetas

12、te.Knowinghowtoputtogetherasolarstillcanprovetobeausefulsurvivalskillandcouldprovideanimportantmeansofobtainingpotablewaterintheeventofawildernessemergency.Nevertheless,undertypicalconditionsmakeshiftsolarstillsrarelyproduceenoughwaterforlong-termsurvival,andthesweatexpendedinbuildingonecaneasilyexc

13、eeditsdailyoutput.Solarstillscanextractwaterfrommoistureinthegroundbuttoincreasetheamountofmoistureavailabletoasolarstill,water(freshorsaline)canbeaddedinsideoralongtheedgesofthestill.Wherenowatersourcesarereadilyavailable,shreddedvegetation,wetsoilorsand,orurineorcoveredfaeces,canbeusedinsidethepit

14、.Ifonlythenaturalsoilmoistureisused,thepitmusteventuallybemovedastheproductivitydrops.Adaptedfrom:https:en.WikiboOkS.orqWiki/DrinkinqWater/Disinfection/SOIarandhttps:en.WikiboOkS.orqWiki/DrinkinqWClter/DistillationQuestions1-4ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswer

15、sheet.1. SODISA. isseldomusedinthedevelopingworld.B. istypicallymadeuseofindomesticsettings.C. isusedtomeltandrecycleplasticPETbottles.D. canbeexpensive.2. ThePETbottlesusedinSODISA. mustbefilledtothetopbeforetheprocessbegins.B. shouldhaveatleasta2-litrecapacity.C. shouldbepositionedonaslantingmetal

16、surfacetogetthebestresults.D. musthaveahighturbidityindex.3. AsolarstillA. makesuseofthesameprocessthatisusedtoproduceraininnature.B. requirestheuseofsalttopurifymetals.C. involvesthecollectionofimpurerainwaterinaburiedcup.D. isawayofmeltingandrecyclingclearplastic.4. SolarstillsA. areoftenusedincom

17、binationwithwells.B. canbeimpracticalinhurricanes.C. donotprovidemuchwaterinsalineconditions.D. areuncommoninFlorida.Questions5-9CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Ifromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes5-9onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.5. SODIS.6. Shakingthepartially-fi

18、lledPETbottlesbeforetheSODISprocessbegins.7. Thepurewaterinasolarstill.O.Normally,solarstills.Q.Onewayofincreasingthemoisturecontentofasolarstill.A. aidsoxygensaturation.B. arecreatedintheformofapit.C. arenotareliablemeansofsurvivaloveralongperiodoftime.D. collectsfirstontheinnersurfaceoftheplasticb

19、eforedroppingintothecup.E. condensesontheuppersurfaceoftheplastic.F. istoaddcut-uppiecesofplantmaterial.G. isusedbytheWHOasameansofdisasterrelief.H. makescertainharmfulorganismsharmless.I. shouldnotbedonewiththebottlecapon.Questions10-13Labelthecomponentsofthepitsolarstillinthediagramusingwordsfromt

20、hebox.PitsolarstillPitsolarstillburied cup humid soil impure water large rocksmicrobiologicalorganismssmallweightsunlighttubePaSSaRe2TheKeystoEarlyUrbanizationinAmericaA-AsAmericagrewinthelatenineteenthcentury,certainelementsledsometownstomorphintolargeurbancenters,whileothersdidnot.Thefollowingfour

21、innovationsprovedcriticalinshapingurbanizationattheturnofthecentury:electriclighting,communicationimprovements,intracitytransportation,andtheriseofskyscrapers.Aspeoplemigratedforthenewjobs,theyoftenstruggledwiththeabsenceofbasicurbaninfrastructures,suchasbettertransportation,adequatehousing,meansofc

22、ommunication,andefficientsourcesoflightandenergy.Eventhebasicnecessities,suchasfreshwaterandpropersanitationoftentakenforgrantedinthecountryside-presentedagreaterchallengeinurbanlife.B-ThomasEdisonpatentedtheincandescentlightbulbin1879.Thisdevelopmentquicklybecamecommoninhomesaswellasfactories,trans

23、forminghowevenlower-andmiddle-classAmericanslived.Althoughslowtoarriveinruralareasofthecountry,electricpowerbecamereadilyavailableincitieswhenthefirstcommercialpowerplantsbegantoopenin1882.WhenNikolaTeslasubsequentlydevelopedtheAC(alternatingcurrent)systemfortheWestinghouseElectric&ManufacturingComp

24、any,powersuppliesforlightsandotherfactoryequipmentcouldextendformilesfromthepowersource.ACpowertransformedtheuseofelectricity,allowingurbancenterstophysicallycovergreaterareas.Inthefactories,electriclightspermittedoperationstoruntwenty-fourhoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Thisincreaseinproductionrequiredadd

25、itionalworkers,andthisdemandbroughtmorepeopletocities.Gradually,citiesbegantoilluminatethestreetswithelectriclampstoallowthecitytoremainalightthroughoutthenight.Nolongerdidthepaceoflifeandeconomicactivityslowsubstantiallyatsunset,thewayithadinsmallertowns.Thecities,followingthefactoriesthatdrewpeopl

26、ethere,stayedopenallthetime.C-Thetelephone,patentedin1876,greatlytransformedcommunicationbothregionallyandnationally.Thetelephonerapidlysupplantedthetelegraphasthepreferredformofcommunication;by1900zover1.5milliontelephoneswereinusearoundthenation,whetherasprivatelinesinthehomesofsomemiddle-andupper

27、-classAmericans,orasjointlyused“partyIineswinmanyruralareas.Byallowinginstantcommunicationoverlargerdistancesatanygiventime,growingtelephonenetworksmadeurbansprawlpossible.Inthesamewaythatelectriclightsspurredgreaterfactoryproductionandeconomicgrowth,thetelephoneincreasedbusinessthroughthemorerapidp

28、aceofdemand.Now,orderscouldcomeconstantlyviatelephone,ratherthanviamail-order.Moreordersgeneratedgreaterproduction,whichinturnrequiredstillmoreworkers.Thisdemandforadditionallaborplayedakeyroleinurbangrowth,asexpandingcompaniessoughtworkerstohandletheincreasingconsumerdemandfortheirproducts.D-Asciti

29、esgrewandsprawledoutward,amajorchallengewasefficienttravelwithinthecity-fromhometofactoriesorshops,andthenbackagain.Mosttransportationinfrastructurewasusedtoconnectcitiestoeachothe;typicallybyrailorcanal.Priortothe1880sztwoofthemostcommonformsoftransportationwithincitiesweretheomnibusandthehorsecar.

30、Anomnibuswasalarge,horse-drawncarriage.Ahorsecarwassimilartoanomnibus,butitwasplacedonironorsteeltrackstoprovideasmootherride.Whilethesehorse-drivenvehiclesworkedadequatelyinsmaller,less-congestedcities,theywerenotequippedtohandlethelargercrowdsthatdevelopedatthecloseofthecentury.Thehorseshadtostopa

31、ndrest,andhorsemanurebecameanongoingproblem.E-In1887,FrankSpragueinventedtheelectrictrolley,whichworkedalongthesameconceptasthehorsecar,withalargewagonontracks,butwaspoweredbyelectricityratherthanhorses.Theelectrictrolleycouldrunthroughoutthedayandnight,likethefactoriesandtheworkerswhofueledthem.But

32、italsomodernizedlessimportantindustrialcenters,suchasthesoutherncityofRichmond,Virginia.Asearlyas1873,SanFranciscoengineersadoptedpulleytechnologyfromtheminingindustrytointroducecablecarsandturnthecityssteephillsintoelegantmiddle-classcommunities.However,ascrowdscontinuedtogrowinthelargestcities,suc

33、hasChicagoandNewYork,trolleyswereunabletomoveefficientlythroughthecrowdsofpedestrians.Toavoidthischallenge,cityplannerselevatedthetrolleylinesabovethestreets,creatingelevatedtrains,orL-trains,asearlyas1868inNewYorkCity,andquicklyspreadingtoBostonin1887andChicagoin1892.Finally,asskyscrapersbegantodom

34、inatethear,transportationevolvedonestepfurthertomoveundergroundassubways.Boston,ssubwaysystembeganoperatingin1897zandwasquicklyfollowedbyNewYorkandothercities.F-Thelastlimitationthatlargecitieshadtoovercomewastheever-increasingneedforspace.Easterncities,unliketheirmidwesterncounterparts,couldnotcont

35、inuetogrowoutwardzasthelandsurroundingthemwasalreadysettled.Geographiclimitationssuchasriversorthecoastalsohamperedsprawl.Andinallcities,citizensneededtobecloseenoughtourbancenterstoconvenientlyaccesswork,shops,andothercoreinstitutionsofurbanlife.Theincreasingcostofrealestatemadeupwardgrowthattracti

36、ve,andsodidtheprestigethattoweringbuildingscarriedforthebusinessesthatoccupiedthem.WorkerscompletedthefirstskyscraperinChicago,theten-storyHomeInsuranceBuilding,in1885.Althoughengineershadthecapabilitytogohigher;thankstonewsteelconstructiontechniques,theyrequiredanothervitalinventioninordertomaketal

37、lerbuildingsviable:theelevator.In1889ztheOtisEevatorCompany,ledbyinventorElishaOtis,installedthefirstelectricelevator.Thisbegantheskyscrapercraze,allowingdevelopersineasterncitiestobuildandmarketprestigiousrealestateintheheartsofcrowdedeasternconurbations.Source:https:OPenStaX.orqbooksus-histoyDcIeI

38、eS/19-1-UrbaniZatiOn-Cmd-its-challenqesQuestions14-18Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERfromreadingpassage2foreachanswer.InventionInventorYearConsequenceoftheinventiontheACsystemNikolaTesla14couldgrowtocoveralargerphysicalspacethe15patentedinurbansprawl1becamepossible6thecablecar

39、transformedthehillsidesof1the18ElishaOtisinstalledin1889tcrazefor,buildingskyscrapersQuestions19-23Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinthetext?Forquestions19-23,chooseTrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthereisnoinformationonth

40、is19. Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,sanitationincitieswasoftenbetterthaninruralareas.20. 日ectriclightingmeantthatincitiesatnightcommercecouldcontinueatthesamepaceasduringtheday.21. Thetelephonewasseentobeamuchmorereliableformofcommunicationthanthetelegraph.22. Elevatedtrainswerecreatedinordertoavoi

41、dtheproblemofovercrowdingontrains.23. After1889zelevatorswereusedineverynewskyscraperconstructedineasterncities.Questions24-27Readingpassage2has6paragraphsA-F.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Forquestions24-27,choosethecorrectletterA-F.24. Howtheproblemofthelimitedspaceavailabletohousep

42、eopleincitieswasovercome.25. Howthelackofbasicamenitiesatfirstcauseddifficultiesformigrantstocities.26. Howlongerfactoryworkinghoursledtoincreasedemployment.27. Theproblemsassociatedwiththeuseofhorsesfortransportationwithincities.PaSSaHe3Capitalpunishment:ControversyanddebateA-Capitalpunishment,also

43、knownasthedeathpenalty,isagovernment-sanctionedpracticewherebyapersonisputtodeathbythestateasapunishmentforacrime.Capitalpunishmentiscontroversial.Deathpenaltyopponentsregardthedeathpenaltyasinhumaneandcriticizeitforitsirreversibility.ProminentdeathpenaltyabolitionistMarthaOzConneIIarguesalsothatcap

44、italpunishmentlacksdeterrenteffect,discriminatesagainstminoritiesandthepoor;andthatitencouragesacultureofviolence.Therearemanyorganizationsworldwide,suchasAmnestyInternational,andcountry-specific,suchastheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),thathaveabolitionofthedeathpenaltyasafundamentalpurpose.Advoc

45、atesofthedeathpenaltyarguethatitdeterscrime,isagoodtoolforpoliceandprosecutorsinpleabargaining,makessurethatconvictedcriminalsdonotoffendagain,andisajustpenalty.B-Manysupportersofthedeathpenaltyarguethatthedeathpenaltyismorallyjustifiedwhenappliedinmurder;especiallywithaggravatingelementssuchasformu

46、rderofpoliceofficers,childmurdectorturemurder,multiplehomicideandmasskillingsuchasterrorism,massacreandgenocide.ThisargumentisstronglydefendedbyNewYorkLawSchoolsProfessorRobertBlecker,whosaysthatthepunishmentmustbepainfulinproportiontothecrime.Eighteenth-centuryphilosopherImmanuelKantdefendedamoreex

47、tremeposition,accordingtowhicheverymurdererdeservestodieonthegroundsthatlossoflifeisincomparabletoanyjailterm.Someabolitionistsarguethatretributionissimplyrevengeandcannotbecondoned.Others,whileacceptingretributionasanelementofcriminaljustice,nonethelessarguethatlifeinprisonwithoutparoleisasufficien

48、tsubstitute.Itisalsoarguedthatthepunishingofakillingwithanotherdeathisarelativelyuniquepunishmentforaviolentact,becauseingeneralviolentcrimesarenotpunishedbysubjectingtheperpetratortoasimilaract(e.g.rapistsarenotpunishedbycorporalpunishment).C-Abolitionistsbelievecapitalpunishmentistheworstviolation

49、ofhumanrights,becausetherighttolifeisthemostimportant,andcapitalpunishmentviolatesitwithoutnecessityandinflictspsychologicaltortureonthecondemned.Humanrightsactivistsopposethedeathpenalty,callingitcruel,inhumananddegradingpunishment.AmnestyInternationalconsidersittobe“theultimateirreversibledenialofHumanRights.AlbertCamus