unepfi-非洲金融部门的气候风险监管和相关私营部门举措（英）-2021.11-45正式版.docx

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1、ClimateriskregulationinAfrica,sfinancialsectorandrelatedprivatesectorinitiativesBaseline study November 2021GLOBALCENTER ONADAPTATIONThis report was prepared by the following organisations:About心口* UeVEL0f*VEH BANK GROUPGLOBALCENTER ON ADAPTATIONUNeviromnifinanceprotMmMtt*UvTheAfricanDevelopmentBank

2、(AfDB)isamultilateraldevelopmentfinanceinstitutionestablishedin1964withthemissiontohelpreducepoverty,improvelivingconditionsforAfricans,andmobiliseresourcesforthecontinentsenomicandsocialdevelopment.TheinstitutionaimsatassistingAfricancountries-individuallyandcollectively-intheireffortstoachievesust

3、ainableeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Tothisend,theBankseekstostimulateandmobiliseinternalandexternalresourcestopromoteinvestmentsaswellasprovideitsregionalmembercountrieswithtechnicalandfinancialassistance.www.afdb.orgTheGlobalCenteronAdaptation(GCA)isaninternationalorganisation,hostedbytheNe

4、therlands,whichworksasasolutionsbrokertoaccelerateactionandsupportforadaptationsolutionsfromtheinternationaltothelocal,inpartnershipwiththepublicandprivatesectors,toensuretoensurethattheglobalcommunitylearnsfromeachotherandworkstogether.www.gca.orgUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme-FinanceInitiative(

5、UNEPFl)isapartnershipbetweenUNEPandtheglobalfinancialsectortomobiliseprivatesectorfinanceforsustainabledevelopment.UNEPFlworkswithmorethan400members,includingbanks,insurers,investors,andover100supportinginstitutions,tohelpcreateafinancialsectorthatservespeopleandplanetwhiledeliveringpositiveimpacts.

6、ByleveragingtheUNsrole,UNEPFlacceleratessustainablefinance.www.unepfi.orgContentsDisclaimerI5AcknowledgementsI5ExecutivesummaryI61IKeyinsights1.1 Context,objectives,andscopeofthestudy1.1.1 AfricaisoneofthemostexposedregionstoI10fromtheregulatoryclimatechangewithhalfofthe10countriesmostaffectedbyclim

7、atechangelocatedbaselinestudyonthecontinent1.1.2FinancialsectorconsiderationsofclimatechangeriskshavegainedmomentumgloballyinI10thepast10years1.1.3Takingstockofthestatusofclimate-riskintegrationinfinancialsectorprudentialregulatoryframeworksacrossselectedI12Africancountries1.2Perspectivesontheintegr

8、ationofclimateriskbyregulators,supervisors,andprivatesectorI16playersacrossAfrica1.2.1Climateriskisatoppriorityforalmost17allauthorities1.2.2Whilemostauthoritiesarecurrentlydefiningtheirapproachesonclimaterisk,fewcountries17haveissuedbindingregulationstodate1.2.3Authoritiesareconsideringadditionalre

9、gulatorymeasurestostrengthenthefinancialindustrys18integrationofclimaterisk1.2.4Keychallengesincludealackofdata,internalcapabilities,internationalstandards,20andcommonmethodologies1.2.5CollaborationandtechnicalassistanceareconsideredpowerfulenablerstostrengthenI21climateriskmanagement221.3Outlook:po

10、tentialactionsforstakeholders232ICountryprofiles2.1Countryanalysis-DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(DRC)242.1.1Financialstabilityarchitecture242.1.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives242.2Countryanalysis-Egypt242.2.1Financialstabilityarchitecture242.2.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives252.3Countryanalysis-Ghana

11、252.3.1Financialstabilityarchitecture252.3.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives262.4Countryanalysis-Kenya272.4.1Financialstabilityarchitecture272.4.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives272.5Countryanalysis-Mali292.5.1Financialstabilityarchitecture292.5.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives292.6Countryanalysis-Maurit

12、ius292.6.1Financialstabilityarchitecture292.6.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives302.7Countryanalysis-Morocco312.7.1Financialstabilityarchitecture312.7.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives312.8Countryanalysis-Nigeria322.8.1Financialstabilityarchitecture322.8.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives332.9Countryanalysi

13、s-Rwanda342.9.1Financialstabilityarchitecture342.9.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives342.10Countryanalysis-SouthAfrica352.10.1Financialstabilityarchitecture352.10.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives352.11Countryanalysis-Tunisia372.11.1Financialstabilityarchitecture372.11.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives372.

14、12Countryanalysis-Zimbabwe382.12.1Financialstabilityarchitecture382.12.2Climaterisk-relatedinitiatives38Abbreviationsandacronyms39References40Methodology42Appendix-Detailedregulationanalysis43TableofFiguresFigure1:Transmissionchannelsfromclimateriskstofinancialrisks110Figure2:Halfofthe10countriesmos

15、taffectedbyclimatechangeareinAfrica111Figure 3: NGFScommitmentsforclimate-relatedrisks113Figure 4: 20+interviewswithauthoritiesandprivateplayerscovering10+countrieswereorganisedbetweenSeptember-October2021116Figure 5: Alargemajorityofauthoritiesareconsideringclimate-relatedrisksasatoppriority117Figu

16、re 6: Overviewofclimaterisk-relatedregulationsandinitiativesacrossselectedAfricanregions118Figure 7: Authoritiesaremainlyconsideringorimplementingadditionalnonbindingmeasurestostrengthentheintegrationofclimateriskbythefinancialindustry120Figure 8: Mainchallengesindicatedbyauthorities121Figure 9: Mai

17、nchallengesindicatedbyprivateplayers122Figure 10: Overviewofmembershipsininternationalclimate-relatedinitiativesbycountry123Figure 11: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinEgypt125Figure 12: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesec

18、torinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinGhana126Figure 13: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinKenyaFigure 14: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinMauritiusFigure15:Overviewofregulations,supervi

19、sorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinMorocco131Figure 16: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinNigeriaFigure 17: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinRwanda34Figure 18

20、: Overviewofregulations,supervisorymeasures,andprivatesectorinitiativesrelatedtoclimateriskinSouthAfricaFigure 19: Overviewofspecificandprinciple-basedregulations143Figure 20: Detailedanalysisofspecificregulations144DisclaimerThisreportwasauthoredbytheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB)5theGlobalCenteronAd

21、aptation(GCA),andUNEnvironmentProgrammeFinanceInitiative(UNEPFl)withanalyticalsupportfromMcKinsey&Company.Theauthorsareresponsiblefortheconclusionsandrecommendationsoftheresearchanddonotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.Bymakin

22、ganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm,country,inthisdocument,AfDB1GCA,andUNEPFldonotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbyAfDB,GCA,andUNEPFl.Theuse

23、ofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.AcknowledgementsTheAfricanDevelopmentBank,GCAandUNEPFlwouldliketothankallthosewhogenerouslysharedtheirtimeandinsights.Inpart

24、icular,wewouldliketothank:FromtheAfricanDevelopmentBank-StefanNalletamby(DirectorFinancialSectorDevelopment)-Al-HamndouDorsouma(ActingDirectorClimateChange&GreenGrowth)-GarethPhilips(Environment&ClimateFinanceDivisionManager)FromtheGlobalCenterforAdaptation-AnthonyNyong(RegionalDirectorAfrica)Fromth

25、eUNEPFinanceInitiative-EricUsher(UNEPFlHead)-LieselvanAst(MembershipandRegionalCoordinationManager)FromtheWorkingGroup-AfDB:DavinahMilenge5SofianeSekioua1RajhiHachem1DavidAshiagbor,andMelissaMurara-UNEPFl:ReubenWambuiandDavidCarlin-GCA:MariaTapiaExecutivesummary1 The Global Climate Risk Index 2021 a

26、nalyses and ranks to what extent countries and regions have been affected by impacts of climate-related extreme weather events (storms, floods, heatwaves, etc.). The most recent data available for 2019 and from 2000 to 2019 were taken into account. The three countries most affected in 2019 were Moza

27、mbique and Zimbabwe, as well as the Bahamas. The Climate Risk Index (CRI) indicates a level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme events, which countries should understand as warnings in order to be prepared for more frequent and more severe events in the future. Impacts from extreme-weather even

28、ts hit the prest countries hardest as these are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of a hazard, have a lower coping capacity and may need more time to rebuild and recover.2 Global Climate Risk Index 2021, GermanWatch, 2021.Extremeweatherphenomenasuchasrisingtemperaturesandtheincreasingf

29、requencyofdroughtsandfloodsareaffectinglivesandlivelihoodsinAfrica.AccordingtotheGlobalClimateRiskIndex2021,fiveAfricancountriesrankedamongthe10countriesmostaffectedbyextremeweatherin2019:Mozambique(first),Zimbabwe(second),Malawi(fifth),SouthSudan(eighth),andNiger(ninth).2Thenegativesocietaleffectso

30、fclimatechange,suchaslossoflifeandlivelihoods,arealreadyandwillcontinuetobetragicandsevere,andareakeyconcerntogovernmentsandindividuals.Morefrequentandsevereweatherevents,aswellasadelayedtransitiontoalow-carboneconomyandtheincreasinglymaterialfinanciallossesthesedirectlyandindirectlycausearealsoimpa

31、ctingthefinancialsystem,withpotentialsystemicconsequencesforfinancialstability.Thethreatposedtotheglobalfinancialsystembyclimate-relatedrisksisrecognisedbytheFinancialStabilityOversightCouncils2021reportonclimate-relatedfinancialriskandtheNetworkforGreeningtheFinancialSystems(NGFS)October2021progres

32、sreportonglobalsupervisoryandcentralbankclimatescenarioexercises.Extremeweathereventscouldleadtodamageofphysicalassets,includingrealestate,productivecapital,andinfrastructure,consequentpropertyandcasualtyinsurancelosses,damagetobalancesheetsofhouseholdsandfirms,increasesindefaults,andpotentialfinanc

33、ialsectordistress.Alateorsuddentransitiontoalow-carboneconomycouldresultinanabruptrepricingofclimate-relatedrisksandstrandedassets,whichcouldnegativelyimpactthebalancesheetsoffinancialinstitutions(FIs).Globally,thefinancialsector,sconsiderationofclimatechangeriskshasgatheredmomentuminthepast10years.

34、Thishasmanifested,forexample,inthedevelopmentoftheTaskForceonClimate-RelatedFinancialDisclosures(TCFD)recommendations,theNGFS1andvariousinitiativesundertheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeFinanceInitiative(UNEPFl),suchasthePrinciplesforResponsibleBanking(PRB)5CollectiveCommitmenttoClimateAction(CCCA

35、),andtheNet-ZeroAlliances.Whilesomecountriesandregionsareactivelydrivingtheirfinancialsectors,approachestoclimaterisksthroughregulatoryrequirements,otherjurisdictionsaremoreinfluencedbyprivatesectorefforts.Thisreportseekstoassesstheintegrationofclimate-relatedrisksintheprudential,financial,regulator

36、y,andsupervisoryframeworksofaselectionofAfricancountriesandidentifypotentialleverstoincentivisetheirinternalisation.Itdoesnotexplorebroadergreensstainablefinance-relatedinitiatives,likebondsandprinciples.Toassessthestatusofclimateriskintegration,25interviewswerecompletedwith11financialsectorauthorit

37、iescovering17c0untries3and14largeprivatesectorplayers(banksandinsurers)fromsevencountries,covering19countriesintotal.(SeelistofintervieweesinMethodology).Thesamplehasbeenbuilttorepresentadiversesetofcountriesintermsofgeographicalareasandeconomicdevelopment.Keytakeaways Nineoutofthe11authoritiesinter

38、viewed(82%)considerclimateriskahighorveryhighpriorityontheiragendas Todate,fewfinancialsectorregulatorsandsupervisorshavepublishedregulationsorsupervisoryexpectationswithrespecttoFls,climateriskmanagementpractices.Basedonourinterviews,mostfinancialsectorregulatorsandsupervisorshavenotexplicitlyaddre

39、ssedclimate-relatedorbroadersustainability-relatedrisksthroughbindingregulationsandsupervisoryguidelines.Whileauthoritiescanconsidertheserisksaspartoftheirexistingmandates,thereareongoingeffortstodevelopeffectiveandcompleteframeworkstoidentify,assess,manage,anddiscloseclimate-relatedrisksalignedtopr

40、ivatesectordevelopments. Thecountriesandregionsinthisassessmentcanbegroupedintothreebroadarchetypesbasedoncurrentregulatoryandsupervisoryapproaches:1. Established:Countriesthathavepublishedordraftedaspecificprudentialregulationtoidentify,measure,andmanageclimate-relatedrisks.Examplesofcountriesinthi

41、sarchetypeareMauritiusandKenya.OnOctober15,2021,theCentralBankofKenya(CBK)issuedtheGuidanceonClimate-RelatedRiskManagementtocommercialbanksandmortgagefinancecompanies,enablingbankstointegrateclimate-relatedopportunitiesandrisksintheirgovernancestructure,strategy,andriskmanagementframeworks.Further,i

42、twillguidetheseinstitutionsindisclosingclimate-relatedinformationtotheirstakeholders.Theprinciplesarebinding,withbanksrequiredtocomply.TheBankofMauritius(BoM)publisheddraftGuidelinestosupportFIsintegrationofclimate-relatedandenvironmentalrisksonSeptember30,2021.Thisdraftisscheduledtobefinalisedbythe

43、endof2021andisbinding,withFlsexpectedtocomply.2. Emerging:Countriesthathaveimplementedotherregulations/guidanceorengagedwithindustry(forexample,principle-basedregulations,disclosurestandards,stresstests,andbestpracticeguidance).ExamplesofcountriesinthisarchetypeareEgypt,Ghana,Morocco,Nigeria,SouthAf

44、rica,andZimbabwe.Regardingdisclosurestandards,inMarch2021EgypfsFinancialRegulatoryAuthority(FRA)publishedresolutions107/2021and108/2021,whichrequirelistedcompaniesandnon-bankFlstomakeEnvironmental,Social,andGovernance(ESG)disclosuresandTCFDdisclosures,dependingontheirsize(issuedcapital,netequity).In

45、termsofpublishedguidelines/bestpractices,theCentralBankofEgypts(CBE)GuidingPrinciplesonSustainableFinancealsoaddressclimaterisks(especiallythefourthprinciple).WhilethesePrinciplesarenon-binding,privatesectorplayersindicatedthatCBEisfollowingupregularly.InMorocco,BankAl-Maghrib(BKAM)issuedDirectiveno

46、5W2021inMarch2021,anonbindingbestpracticeguidancerequiringcreditinstitutionstoidentifyanddisclosepotentialsourcesofclimate-relatedandenvironmentalrisksaswellastoensuretheirmeasurement,management,monitoring,andcontrol.3. Initiating:Countriesthathavenotyetstartedintegratingclimaterisksintotheirregulat

47、ory/supervisoryactions(butmayhaveinitiatedworkthroughinternationalornationalcollaboration).ExamplesofcountriesinthisarchetypeareUnionMonetaireOuestAfricaine(UMOA)members,5aswellastheDRC,Tunisia,andRwanda.Authoritiesareconsideringadditionalregulatorymeasurestostrengthenthefinancialindustrysintegrationofclimaterisk.一Definingriskassessmentmethodologies,suchasclimatestresstests,isconsideredrelevantby82%ofauthoritiesinterviewedbutimplementedinonlyoneofthefeature