undp-高诚信自愿碳市场（VCM）：森林国家的新问题（英）-2021.11-33正式版.docx

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1、High-IntegrityVoluntaryCarbonMarkets(VCM):UNDPrammeis in Forest CountriiEmergingIaaIlaa in FCraaUNDPistheleadingUnitedNationsorganizationfightingtoendtheinjusticeofpoverty,inequality,andclimatechange.Workingwithourbroadnetworkofexpertsandpartnersin170countries,wehelpnationstobuildintegrated,lastings

2、olutionsforpeopleandplanet.Learnmoreatundp.orgorfollowatUNDP.TheviewsandrecommendationsexpressedinthisreportdonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheUnitedNations,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,ortheirMemberStates.Theboundariesandnamesshown,andthedesignationsusedonthemapsdonotimplyofficialendorsementor

3、acceptancebytheUnitedNations.Copyright2021PhotosUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammePhotobankUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeOneUnitedNationsPlaza,NewYork,NY10017,USAAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformbyanymeans,electronic,mechanica

4、l,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutpriorpermissionofUNDP.AcknowledgmentsThisreportwasdraftedbyAnaKarlaPerea,SeniorIndependentConsultant,withsignificantOntributionsbyAlexisArthur,LeticiaGuimaraes,ElspethHalverson,JenniferLaughlin,CleaPaz-Rivera,andKimberlyTodd,fromUNDP,sClimateandForestsProgramme.Theau

5、thorsaregratefulfortheinsightfulinputsfromexternalreviewersthatgreatlyimprovedthisdocument,includingCatherineDiam-Valla,ClimateChangeTechnicalSpecialist,UNDP;MarkKenber1Co-ExecutiveDirector,VCMI;DonnaLee,SeniorIndependentConsultant;andCharlotteStreck,Director,ClimateFocus.UNDPisindebtedtothegovernme

6、ntrepresentativesandinvitedpaneliststhatparticipatedintheseriesofdialoguesonenvironmentalintegrityforforestsincarbonmarketsheldinAprilandAugust2021,whichprovidedthebasisforthisreport.4 ExecutiveSummary8 Introduction12 PromotinghighintegrityofVCMtransactionsofforestemissionreductionsandremovals14 For

7、estsintheVCM16 TheVCMandtheParisAgreement18 HighintegrityofVCMfortheforestsector24 Countries9perspectivesonaccessinghigh-integrityVCMs26 Addressingenvironmentalintegrityconcerns28 Promotingbroaderaspectsofhighintegrity32 Keymessages36 ReferencesExecutiveSummarystrategicallyengageinVCMs,fortheachieve

8、mentoftheirNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)totheParisAgreement.Forests are crucial to supporting the Paris Agreement objectives, providing opportunities to deploy climate change mitigation action at scale while contributing to increased climate resilience and protection of biodiversity, ecosy

9、stem services, and local livelihoods.High-integrity carbon markets can support climate change mitigation efforts by creating an economic incentive for reducing emissions and enhancing removals from the forest sector in a cost-effective manner, enabling countries to raise their climate change mitigat

10、ion ambition and supporting the transition towards a low-carbon and climate- resilient global economy. While voluntary carbon markets (VCMs) have gained momentum as a means to mobilize significant and much-needed private climate finance for forests, they also face criticism in terms of integrity, in

11、cluding the risk of double claiming.Increased interest in VCMs must be accompanied by efforts to promote high integrity and ensure the use of these markets complements decarbonization efforts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). VCMs can provide important private

12、 sector climate finance to support measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, and sustainably manage forests in tropical countries. Many of these countries have made important progress over the past 10 years of REDD+ readiness e什OrtS which they can now build on toi Voluntary carbon mar

13、kets in this report refer to carbon market transactions that are undertaken by entities on a voluntary basis, not as a result of any policy-related regulatory national and/ or international requirement.Thisreportcompilesandelaboratesoncriticalissuesfortropicalforestcountriestoconsiderintheirengageme

14、ntassuppliersofhigh-integrityforestcarboncreditstoVCMs.Thereport:(1)presentskeyelementsforhigh-integritycarbonmarketsfortheforestsector;(2)highlightsopportunities,challenges,andpossiblesolutionsrelatedtotropicalcountries,accesstohigh-integrityVCMs,identifiedthroughaseriesofdialoguesfacilitatedbytheU

15、nitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)in2021,and(3)outlinespotentialwaystoimproveandfacilitatetropicalforestcountries*accesstohigh-integrityVCMs.Highlights14Scaled-upREDD+finance,alongsidecarbonmarkets,isneededtopromotethelong-termsustainabilityofclimatemitigationeffortsintheforestsector.2High-integ

16、rityVCMsprovideopportunitiestomobilizesignificantprivatefinancetoprotectforestsandsupportthetransitiontowardsalow-carbonandclimate-resilientglobaleconomy.3Highintegrityiscommonlyassociatedwithenvironmentalintegrityrisks(i.e.carbonaccounting.)Additionalelementsneedtobeconsideredforanintegratedandholi

17、sticapproachtoensurehighintegrity,suchas:policyalignmentwithcountries,NDCsandotherrelevantpolicyframeworks;directinginvestmentstoprogrammesandprojectswithdemonstratedpositivesocialandenvironmentalimpacts;strengtheninglocalgovernanceandrespectingIndigenousPeoplesrights;andsecuringtheclarityandlegitim

18、acyofcorporateclaims.5VCMstandardshavecreatedopportunitiestoimplementforestsectormitigationactionatscale,goingbeyondproject-basedactivitiestoSupportjurisdictionalREDD+implementation.HighlightsAligningprojectandjurisdictionalVCMinitiativeswithnationalREDD+frameworkscanhelpcountriesoptimizeaccesstodif

19、ferentclimateandcarbonfinancesourcesandpromoteaconsistentapproachtomeethigh-integrityrequirements.7Tropicalforestcountriesidentifyaskeychallenges:thediversityofcarbonmarketstandardswithdifferentrequirements;thelackofclarityonhowtheVCMrelatestoArticle6oftheParisAgreementandNDCaccounting;thealignmento

20、fVCMproject-levelinitiativeswithnationalREDD+frameworks;andlimitedopportunitiestoengagedirectlywiththeprivatesectorinVCMdiscussions.UNDPisassistingcountriestoaddressthesechallengesthroughcarbonmarketreadinessandVCMaccessstrategies.Thisincludesassessingoptionsforengagementinhigh-integrityVCMsinaccord

21、ancewithnationalcircumstancesaswellasprovidingsupporttomeetVCMrequirements,suchasenhancingMRVcapabilities,policyalignment,andstrengtheninginstitutions.9UNDPalsoaimstostrategicallyconnectnationalgovernmentswithpotentialdonors/buyersandfacilitatehigh-integritycarbonmarkettransactions,andhostcountrydia

22、loguestoprovidetechnicalinformationandshareknowledgeonVCMs.IntroductionForestsarekeytosupportingtheachievementoftheParisAgreementgoaloflimitingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperaturetowellbelow2,aimingat1.5.Itisestimatedthattheagriculture,forestry,andotherlanduse(AFOLU)sectorcontributes23%ofgreenho

23、usegas(GHG)emissionsglobally,withestimatesrisingto80%ofGHGemissionsinsomedevelopingcountries(IPCC2019;Satoetal.2019).ForestsarealsocrucialfordevelopingcountriestoachievetheirNationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)targets.AsofJuly2021,75%oftheneworupdatedNDCsincludedmitigationmeasuresintheAFOLUsector,w

24、ithmanydevelopingcountrieshighlightingREDD+asprioritymeasures(UNFCCC2021).However,emissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationhavecontinuedtorise,andglobalforestlosscontinuesatanalarmingrateofaround10millionhectaresperyear(FAO2020).Climatefinanceprovidedforforest-relatedmitigationrepresentsbetween

25、0.5and5%oftheinvestmentrequiredtoharnessthemitigationpotentialoftheforestsector,underscoringtheneedtoenhancesupporttoforestcountries(NYDF2021).Carbonmarketscanhelpaddresstheexistingclimatefinancegapandprovideopportunitiesfortropicalforestcountriestodiversifyfundingsourcesandincreaseinvestmentinthefo

26、restsectorsIfdesignedwithhighintegrity,carbonmarketscanlowerthecostsofclimatechangemitigationactionsbyimplementingactivitiesinplaceswhereitismostcost-effectivetodoso,supportingtheincreasedambitionofmitigationtargets,andenablingthetransitiontowardsalow-carbonandclimate-resilientglobaleconomy.Promotin

27、ghighintegrityinforestcarbonprojectsPolicyapproachesandpositiveincentivesforactivitiesrelatedtoreduc-ingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,andtheroleofconservation,sustainablemanagementofforests,andenhancementofforestcartx)stocksindevelopinguntries2Carbonfinancereferstotherevenuegenerate

28、dbyprojectsthroughsaleofcarboncreditsinmarket-basedapproaches(Gupta2016).Itisdifferentfromreslts-basedfinance,whichinthecontextofREDD+,isunderstoodasex-postpaymentsmadeonthebasisofemissionreductionsthathavebeenachievedandverified(Schneideretal.2018).andprogrammespresentsparticularchallenges,asthesea

29、reimplementedincomplexsocialandenvironmentalcontextsandgenerallyhavehigherrisksofreversalsandleakagethanprojectsinothersectors(Chagasetal.2020).Ifpoorlydesigned,carbonmarketscandiminishtrustandunderminedecarbonizationeffortsandinsteadincreaseemissionsandcostsofabatement(Schneideretal.2020;WB2018).Is

30、suanceofforestcarboncreditsunderinternationalmarket-basedprogrammeshastakenplaceprincipallyinvoluntarycarbonmarkets(VCMs),whichhasprompteddiscussionsoverthelastdecadeontheextenttowhichtherulesandproceduresinplacearesufficienttoassuretheircredibilityandintegrity.Thesediscussionsarebeingreexaminedinth

31、econtextofincreasedinterestinVCMs,alongsidediscussionsonvoluntarycooperationapproachesunderArticle6oftheParisAgreement,toidentifywaystopromoteintegrityinVCMsandtocomplementotherdecarbonizationeffortsundertheParisAgreement.Tropicalforestcountrieshavemadeimportantprogressoverthepast10yearsofREDD+readi

32、nessefforts,whichprovidesabasisfortheirstrategicengagementinhigh-integrityVCMsfortheachievementoftheirNDCs.Thisreport,buildingontheinputsandperspectivessharedduringaseriesofdialoguesfacilitatedbyUNDPin2021(Box1),aimstoinformandsupporttheseefforts.Thereportisstructuredasfollows:Section2outlinesthepri

33、nciplesassociatedwithhigh-integrityVCMsandhowthesecanbeappliedinforestprogrammesandprojects;Section3highlightstropicalforestcountries,perspectivesonopportunities,challenges,andpossiblesolutionsrelatedtoaccessinghigh-integrityVCMs;andSection4presentstheconclusionsandkeymessages.3) Private sector inte

34、grity expectations and willingness to pay for higher- cost units.In addition, the dialogues highlighted forest countries* perspectives on challenges and opportunities in accessing VCMs.2) Aligning project and jurisdictional VCM initiatives with national REDD+ frameworks.Box1.Dialogueswithtropicalfor

35、estcountriesonemergingissuesinVCMsTofostertheengagementofrepresentativesfromtropicalforestcountriesinglobaldiscussionsonpromotingthehighintegrityofVCMs,UNDPconductedaseriesofdialogueswithrepresentativesfromforestcountriesintheLatinAmericaandCaribbean,Asia-Pacific,andAfricanregions.Twoglobaldialogues

36、wereorganizedinApril2021,onAChieVingEnVironmemalIntegtitVforFOreStSinCarbOnMarkets,followedbythreeregionaldialoguesinAugust2021tofurtherexploreintegrityissuesidentifiedbyforestcountriesandtofacilitatetheattainmentofcredible,robust,andeffectiveVCMtransactions.Inparticular,theregionaldialoguesfocusedo

37、n:1)Doublecounting,particularlydoubleclaiming.PromotinghighintegrityofVCMtransactionsofforestemission12High-IntegrityVoluntaryCarbonMarkets(VCM):EmergingIssuesinForestCountries2.1.ForestsintheVCMCarbonmarketscanprovidefinanceforprojectsorprogrammesintheforestsectorthroughthepurchaseofcreditstomeetbo

38、thcomplianceand/orvoluntaryreductiontargets(Box2).VCMshavebeengainingmomentumwithasignificantincreaseinnet-zerocommitmentsfromtheprivatesector.In2020,thenumberofnet-zeropledgesfromnon-stateactorsmorethandoubled,and1,565companiesadoptednet-zerotargets(NewCIimateInstitute&Data-DrivenEnviroLab2020).The

39、secommitmentsorclimatetargetstypicallytranslateintosomedemandforcarboncredits,whichcanpotentiallysupporttheimplementationofdevelopingcountries*NDCs.Forest-basedmitigationactivitieshavebeenapopularVCMprojecttypeintermsoftransactedvolumeandprice(Figure1).In2021(throughAugust),forestryandlanduseproject

40、srepresentedaroundhalfofthetotalvolumetransacted,whilein2020and2019thiscategoryrepresented28%and37%,respectively(ForestTrendsEcosystemMarketplace2021).TransactedvolumesofREDD+creditsgrewsignificantlyfrom2020-2021,signalingincreasedbuyerinterest(ibid).Intheperiod2016-2021,projectsundertheforestryandl

41、andusecategorywereamongthehighestpricedatanaverageofUSD4.39,significantlyhigherthanprojectsintherenewableenergyandenergyefficiencycategories(USD1.40andUSD2.38respectively)andonlysurpassedbyprojectsunderthehouseholddevicescategory(USD4.92).41Currently,theextenttowhichpricesindicatethequalityofcarbonc

42、reditsisnotclearasinformationisnotalwayspubliclyavailable.AsinterestinVCMsrisesandcompaniesincreasinglyvaluehigh-integritycredits,pricedifferentiationwilllikelyoccur,resultingintheneedtoimprovethetransparencyofVCM4Datafrom2021representsavailableinformationuntilAugust.Source:DatampilationfromForestTr

43、endsEsystemMarketplace:StateoftheVoluntaryCarbonMarketreports2021,2019and2017.Box2.VoluntarycarbonmarketsVCMsrefertothecollectivetransactionsofcarboncreditstrackedworldwidethatarenotpurchasedtomeetmandatoryGHGreductionobligationsorpredeterminedtargetsunderaregulatedorcompliancemarket.Thevoluntarycar

44、bonmarketplaceencompassesmanydiscretetransactionsofcreditspurchasedwiththeintenttoclaimcarbonneutralityorotherenvironmentalpledges(ForestTrends2021).VCMsaretypicallyassociatedwithlessbureaucracyandlowertransactioncoststhanregulatedmarkets,allowingflexibilitytoimplementprojectsintheforestsectorthatma

45、ydirectlyreachsmallholdersandlocalcommunitiesindevelopingcountries,contributingtoimprovedlivelihoods.AcarboncreditconstitutesthereductionorremovalofonemetrictonofCO2orGHGequivalentbeyondbusinessasusualthatisusedtocompensateforemissionsthatoccurelsewhere(VCMI2021).Whilethetermscarboncreditsandcarbono

46、ffsetsareoftenusedinterchangeably,carboncreditscanbeusedforpurposesdifferentfromoffsetting.Therationaleforusingacarboncreditasanoffsetisthatitcanenableequivalemitigationoutcomeswhiledeliveringfinancewhereitiscriticallyneeded,asmostofthecarboncreditsupplycomesfromdevelopingcountries(Streck2021;VCMI20

47、21).Ifdesignedappropriately,carboncreditsusedforoffsettingcanalsogenerateenvironmentalandsocialco-benefitsandcontributetosustainabledevelopment.Offsettingcannotreplaceemissionreductioneffortsthatareurgentlyneeded,andregulationtomandateemissionsreductionsshouldincreaseovertime.Severalindependentstand

48、ardshavesurfacedtoprovidecredibilityandfostertrustintheVCM,servingaqualityassurancefunctionforthepast15years(VCMI2021).Independentstandardsareoftenprivateandnon-governmentalorganizationsthatestablishthesetsofrulesforthecreationandissuanceofcarboncreditsthroughvariousmethodologiesandprocedures.Byadhe

49、ringtothesepractices,projectdevelopersandjurisdictionsaimtocertifyemissionreductionsandremovalsachievedbytheirinitiativesintotradablecarboncredits.transactions,includingthepricepaidforforestcarboncredits(VCMI2021).Whilemanyvoluntarycarbonmarketstandardssupportforest-basedclimatechangemitigationattheprojectscale,standardssupportingajurisdictionala