美国总统16 安德鲁·约翰逊.docx

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1、美国总统16安德鲁约翰逊AndrewJohnson:ImpeachedByKellyJeanKelly25June,2017TodaywearetalkingaboutAndrewJohnson.JohnsonwasvicepresidentunderAbrahamLincoln,andbecamepresidentin1865afterLincolnwaskilled.5ivAHisnamesoundslikethatofanearlierpresident,AndrewJacksonzandalsolikealaterpresident,LyndonJohnson.ButAndrewJoh

2、nsonservedintheyearsjustaftertheCivilWar.YoucanrememberJohnsonthisway:HewasthefirstU.S.presidenttobeimpeached.EarlylifeAndrewJohnsongrewupinapoorfamilyinthesouthernstateofNorthCarolina.Asachild,Johnsonhadlittleformaleducation.Instead,hetrainedtobeatailor.Whenhewasayoungman,JohnsonmovedtoTennessee,an

3、othersouthernstate.Heopenedatailoringbusiness,wherehemade,repairedandsoldclothing.Whenhewas18yearsold,hemarried.Hiswife,ElizaMcCardIezwasonly16.Theywentontohavefivechildrentogether.ElizaMcCardIeJohnsondidnotcomefromawealthyfamily,either.Butshewasbettereducatedthanherhusband,andshehelpedhimdevelophis

4、readingandwritingskills.Shealsosupportedhisgiftforpublicspeaking.Johnsonsspeecheswereespeciallypopularwithworkersintheircommunity.Theylikedhiscriticismofthestateswealthyplanters.Theworkersalsolikedhispolitics.Atthetime,Johnsonsupportedmeasuresthatpermittedslaverytoexpandacrossthecountry.Hewasclearin

5、hisspeechesthathedidnotsupportequalitybetweenwhitesandAfrican-Americanszwhetherenslavedorfree.Intime,Johnsonheldmanypoliticaloffices:mayor,Tennesseesgovernor,statelegislator,andmemberoftheU.S.HouseofRepresentatives.WhentheCivilWarbegan,hewasamemberoftheU.S.Senate.AlthoughhewasaSoutherner,hedidnotbel

6、ievetheSouthernstateshadarighttowithdrawfromtheUnion.WhentheotherSouthernsenatorsresignedfromtheU.S.Congress,Johnsonstayed.Asaresult,mostSouthernersconsideredhimatraitor.ButmostNorthernersconsideredhimahero.Electionof1864By1864ztheAmericanCivilWarwasthreeyearsold.Theconflictwasbecomingincreasinglyfi

7、erceandbloody.Thatyear,thestatesthatremainedintheUnionheldtheirpresidentialelection.Thepresident,AbrahamLincoln,wantedtowinre-electionandcontinuedirectingtheUnionswareffort.ButhewasnotsurethatvotersintheoppositionDemocraticPartywouldsupporthim.SoheturnedtoAndrewJohnsontobehischoiceforvicepresident.J

8、ohnsonwasapro-slaveryDemocrat.Lincolnwasananti-slaveryRepublican.IntheU.S.tradition,presidentialcandidatesdonotusuallychoosesomeonefromadifferentpartytoserveasvicepresident.Butinthiscase,LincolnsRepublicansdid.TheycalledtheLincoln-JohnsonpartnershiptheNationalUnionParty.PoliticalleadershopedJohnsonw

9、ouldappealtoDemocratswhosupportedthewareffort,toworkersandtosmallfarmers.Theplan-alongwithseveralmilitarysuccessesfortheUnion-helpedcarrytheNationalUnionPartytovictory.Theswearing-inceremonythefollowingMarch,however,suggestedsomeofthedifficultiesahead.Johnsonwassick.Tofeelbetter,hehadalotofalcoholic

10、drinksthenightbeforetheceremony.Thenextmorningzhedranksomemore.WhenJohnsonstoodtogivehisspeech,heappearedunsteady.Hetalkedabouthispoorfamilyandhissimplebeginnings.ThenhespokeangrilyaboutwealthySouthernplanterswhohadwithdrawnfromtheUnion.Hebecameincreasinglyconfused.Otherpeopleinthecrowdwrotelatertha

11、ttheyfeltembarrassedbyJohnsonsbehavior.AndsomeRepublicansbegancallingalreadyforhisresignation-orevenimpeachment.Thosecriticscouldnothavepredictedthatinafewweeks,Johnsonwouldbethepresident.PresidencyAfewveryimportanteventshappenedintheweeksafterLincolnandJohnsonweresworn-in.InApril,Lincolnwasshotandk

12、illed.Johnsontookofficeasthenewpresident.Thefollowingmonth,theCivilWarofficiallyended.TheConfederateStatesOfAmericawasnomore.AndthatDecember,amajorityofstatesapprovedthe13thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution.Thatamendmentendedslaveryacrossthecountry.PresidentJohnson,therefore,guidedtheprocessofre-unitin

13、gtheNorthandSouth,andsupervisedthetransitionofmanyAfrican-Americansfromslaverytofreedom.ThatperiodinU.S.historyiscalledReconstruction.MembersofCongressfromtheNorthernstateshadbeenthinkingforalongtimeabouthowtocarryoutReconstruction.Themostextremelawmakers,theRadicalRepublicans,wantedtopunishformerCo

14、nfederateofficialsandextendpoliticalandcivilrightstoAfrican-Americans.Johnsonhaddifferentideas.Inthefirstmonthsofhispresidency,beforeCongresshadmet,JohnsonpardonedmanyformerConfederateofficials.HealsoletSouthernersrebuildtheirstategovernmentsastheywished.ThosegovernmentsquicklypassedlawscalledBlackC

15、odes.BlackCodesrestrictedthefreedomandrightsofAfrican-Americans.TheypermittedwhitelandownerstocontrolAfrican-Americanslabor,muchastheyhadwhentheworkerswereslaves.Thelawswereenforcedbyall-whitepoliceandmilitia.RadicalRepublicansinCongress-aswellasAfrican-Americans-objectedstronglytotheBlackCodes.When

16、Congressfinallydidmeet,Republicanlawmakersvotedforameasuretohelpandprotectformerlyenslavedpeople.ButJohnsonvetoedthemeasure.Hesaidthebillwouldgivethefederalgovernmenttoomuchpower.JohnsonsvetowasonemoveinapoliticalwarbetweenthepresidentandmanyRepublicans.Intime,lawmakersgottheupperhand.TheRepublicanC

17、ongresssoontookcontrolofReconstruction.AgainstJohnsonswishes,theysucceededinpassingseveralmajorpiecesoflegislation.OnewastheCivilRightsActof1866.ItrecognizedthateveryonebornintheUnitedStates-includingAfrican-AmericanszalthoughnotNativeAmericans-wasacitizen.AnotherwastheextensionoftheFreedmansBureauA

18、ct,themeasurethatJohnsonhadearliervetoed.Fortwomoreyears,thefederalgovernmentwasauthorizedtohelppeopledisplacedbytheCivilWar.Finally,lawmakerspassedameasurebarringthepresidentfromdismissinganytopofficialswithouttheapprovalofCongress.PresidentJohnsonignoredthemeasure.Whenhebelievedthesecretaryofwardi

19、dnottreathimrespectfully,thepresidentorderedthatmansdismissal.Inanswer,membersoftheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesvotedtoimpeachJohnson.Inotherwords,theychargedhimwithacrime.ItwasthefirsttimeinU.S.historythatapresidenthasbeenimpeached.Butimpeacheddoesnotalwaysmeanremovedfromoffice.ThecasemovestotheSenate

20、.There,senatorsactasajury.Theydecidewhetherthepresidentisguilty.Two-thirdsoftheSenatemustagreetoconvictthepresident.InthecaseofAndrewJohnson,54senatorsconsideredhiscase.Forhimtoberemovedfromoffice,20wouldneedtofindhimguilty.Butonly19did.Hispositionwassavedbyasinglevote.1.egacyAlthoughJohnsonsurvived

21、impeachment,hewasnotnominatedasacandidateforpresidentinthenextelection.Instead,hereturnedtohishomeinTennessee,thencompetedforaseatbackinCongress.Onthethirdtry,hesucceeded.Johnsonisthefirstandonly-sofar-formerpresidenttoserveasasenator.HedidnotstayinthepositionIongzhowever.AfewmonthsafterreturningtoC

22、ongress,Johnsondiedsuddenlyaftersufferingastroke.Hewas66yearsold.Todayhistorianshavemixedfeelingsabouthispresidency.JohnsonssupportersapproveofhislimitsonthefederalgovernmentandbeliefinafirmseparationofpowersamongCongress,thepresidentandSupremeCourt.ButmosthistoriansbelieveJohnsonsReconstructionpoli

23、cieswereextremelydamaging.Theydidnothelpre-unitetheNorthandSouth.AndtheyextendedthesufferingofAfrican-Americansandthecountryshistoryofracialoppression.mKellyJeanKelly.KellyJeanKellywrotethisstoryforLearningEnglish.GeorgeGrowwastheeditor.WordsinThisStoryimpeached-adj.chargedapublicofficialwithacrimew

24、hileinofficeformal-adj.receivedinaschooltailor-n.apersonwhomakesclothesticket-n.alistofthecandidatessupportedbyapoliticalpartyinanelectionunsteady-adj.notstandingormovinginasteadyandbalancedwayembarrassed-adj.madeuncomfortablebyfoolishbehaviortransition-n.achangefromonestateorconditiontoanotherconvict-v.toprovethatsomeoneisguiltyofacrimeinacourtoflawstroke-n.aseriousillnesscausedwhenabloodvesselinyourbrainsuddenlybreaksorisblocked